Key Terms from Lectures and Readings

These terms & concepts should be used to review the material presented in lectures over the course of the semester.  You should use this list in conjunction with your notes from the lectures to prepare for the short answer section of the exam.  In some cases the terms are closely connected with the primary or secondary source readings for that week, though in other cases they were introduced only in the lectures as historical background for the readings and discussion in Wed. discussion sections.  They are divided into weeks and topics to help you review.
Weeks 1-2:  Introduction
history
memory
heritage
tradition
Masada
Alamo
primary source
secondary source

Week 3:  Religion and Violence in the Premodern World
Mesopotamia
polytheism
monotheism
law code
social status
Hammurabi
Code of Hammurabi

Week 4:  Violence in the Jewish and Christian Traditions
Hebrew Bible
Deuteronomistic History
revelation
sacred space
chosenness of Israel
Joshua
conquest of Canaan
"holy war"
sermon on the mount
group privileging
salvation
atonement & violence

Week 5:  Early Christian Martyrdom
Roman Empire
martyrdom
witness
Martyr Acts
spectacles
gladiators
blood sacrifice
Nero
Diocletian
Perpetua
Felicitas
martyrs of Lyons
military martyrs

Weeks 6-7:  The Christian Roman Empire
Rise of the Just War Tradition
Constantine
Theodosius I
pagans, paganism
just war tradition
jus ad bellum
Cicero
Ambrose of Milan
Augustine of Hippo
two cities

Tolerance & Intolerance: Pagans, Christians & Jews
Murder of Hypatia
St. Martin
Ambrose of Milan

 Week 8:  The Crusades: A Western Perspective
Islam
Reconquista
crusading movement
pilgrimage
Byzantine Empire
Pope Urban II
First Crusade
crusader states
military monastic orders
Knights of the Temple (=Templars)
Third Crusade
Jews in Rhineland; Mainz

Week 9:  The Crusades:  An Islamic Perspective
Arabs
Ummayad caliphate
Cordoba
Abbasid caliphate (750-1258)
Seljuks
Assasin sect
Saladin
Mamluks
Mongols
Prester John

Week 10:  New World Encounters, I:  The Age of Exploration
Ottoman Empire
Ming dynasty, China
Americas:  Aztec & Inca Empires
navigation, navigational tools
Columbus
Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda 
Bartolomé de las Casas
Caribs
Juan de Cárdenas

Week 11:  New World Encounters II:  Pre-Columbian Civilizations
John Lloyd Stephens
Mayan Cities   
    Copán
    Palenque
    Tikal
Chichén-Itzá (El Castillo pyramid)
Nahuatl language
Quetzalcoatl
Chalchiuhtlicue  (just kidding)
cenotes
Moctezuma
Tenochtitlán
Hernán Cortés
Bernal Díaz del Castillo
Bernardino de Sahagún
Massacre of Cholula
Tlaxcalans
Massacre at Festival of Toxcatl
Night of Sorrows
Cuauhtemoc

Week 12: Visual Evidence

Weeks 15:  Back to the Old World:  Violence & War in Reformation Europe
Importance of Printing & Images, e.g.:
    Passion of Christ vs. Passion of Antichrist
    Seven-headed beast of the papacy
    Papal Ass
Anabaptists
Separation of Church and State
Valois dynasty (France)
    Francis I (1515-47)
    Henry II (1547-1559)
Huguenots
Bourbon family
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)
Habsburg family--Ferdinand II (1620-37) (Catholic)
Defenestration of Prague
Frederick--King of Bohemia (Protestant) (1619-20)
Iconoclasm
Battle of White Mountain--1618 (beginning of Thirty Years' War)

Article:  "Rites of Violence" (Natalie Davis)

Week 16:  Violence in Modern America
Article by Jeffrey Adler on Violence in Chicago