Just as the senseless oppression of the superego lies at the
root
of the motivated imperatives of conscience, the passionate desire
peculiar to man to impress his image in reality is the obscure
basis of the rational mediations of the will.
(Jacques Lacan)
Representing is no longer a self-unconcealing-for... /das
Sich-entbergen für/ but is a laying hold and grasping
of.... What presences does not hold sway, but rather assault
rules.
(Martin Heidegger)
As the study and systematization of empirical fact, science
enables mankind to rise above the level of animal creation and to
behave in a manner distinctively human, by relating means to ends
in an ordered scheme of life. As such, it unquestionably has
"its
own good." The good of science, however, is limited by the
fact
that it fails to disclose an end other than that of mere
adjustment, ut conformemur huic saeculo. It is thus
incapable of satisfying the appetite for felicity to which mankind,
by the very conditions of his being, necessarily aspires.
(Charles Norris Cochrane) {230/231}
This perplexity, inherent in all consistent utilitarianism, . .
. can be diagnosed theoretically as an innate incapacity to
understand the distinction between utility and meaningfulness,
which we express linguistically by distinguishing between "in
order
to" and "for the sake of.". . . The perplexity of
utilitarianism is
that it gets caught in the unending chain of means and ends without
ever arriving at some principle which would Justify the category of
means and ends, that is, of utility itself. The "in order
to" has
become the content of the "for the sake of"; in other
words,
utility established as meaning generates meaninglessness.... It is
because of these consequences that Plato, who at the end of his
life recalls once more in the Laws the saying of Protagoras,
replies with an almost paradoxical formula: not man--who because of
his wants and talents wishes to use everything and therefore ends
by depriving all things of their intrinsic worth--but "the god
is
the measure /even/ of mere use objects."
(Hannah Arendt) {231/232}
What, then, is truth? A mobile army of metaphors, metonyms, and
anthropomorphisms-- in short, a sum of human relations, which have
been enhanced, transposed, and embellished poetically and
rhetorically, and which after long use seem firm, canonical, and
obligatory to a people: truths are illusions about which one has
forgotten that this is what they are; metaphors which are worn out
and without sensuous power; coins which have lost their pictures
and now matter only as metal, no longer as coins.... to be truthful
means using the customary metaphors--in moral terms: the obligation
to lie according to a fixed convention, to lie herd-like in a
style obligatory for all.
(Friedrich Nietzsche)
People of literary inclinations, I believe, have a natural
jealousy of sociology because it seems to be in process of taking
over from literature one of literature's most characteristic
functions, the investigation and criticism of morals and manners.
Yet it is but fair to remark that sociology has pre-empted only
what literature has voluntarily surrendered.
(Lionel Trilling) {232/233}