1.1.
Introduction.
1.1b. A. D. 98-180.
1.2. Moderation of Augustus.
1.4. Imitated by his successors.
1.5. Conquest of Britain
was the first exception to it.
1.7. Conquest of Dacia; the
second exception.
1.8. Conquests of Trajan
in the east.
1.9. Resigned by his successor
[H]Adrian.
1.10. Contrast of Hadrian
and Antoninus Pius.
1.11. Pacific system of
Hadrian and the two Antonines.
1.12. Defensive wars of
Marcus Antoninus.
1.13. Military establishment
of the Roman emperors.
1.14. Discipline.
1.14b. Exercises.
1.15. The legions under
the emperors.
1.15b. Arms.
1.15c. Cavalry.
1.16. Auxiliaries.
1.16b. Artillery.
1.17. Encampment.
1.18. March.
1.19. Number and disposition
of the legions.
1.20. Navy
1.20b. Amount of the whole
establishment.
1.21. View of the provinces
of the Roman empire.
1.22. Spain.
1.23. Gaul.
1.24. Britain.
1.25. Italy.
1.26. The Danube and Illyria
frontier.
1.27. Rhætia.
1.28. Noricum and Pannonia.
1.29. Dalmatia.
1.30. Mæsia and Dacia.
1.31. Thrace, Macedonia,
and Greece.
1.32. Asia Minor.
1.33. Syria, Phœnicia, and
Palestine.
1.34. Egypt.
1.35. Africa.
1.36. The Mediterranean
with its islands.
1.37. General idea of the
Roman empire.
2.1. Principles of government.
2.2. Universal spirit of
toleration.
2.3. Of the people.
2.4. Of philosophers.
2.6. Of the magistrates.
2.6b. In the provinces;
2.7. at Rome.
2.8. Freedom of Rome.
2.9. Italy.
2.10. The provinces.
2.11. Colonies and municipal
towns.
2.12. Division of the Latin
and the Greek provinces.
2.13. General use of both
languages.
2.14. Slaves.
2.14b. Their treatment.
2.15. Enfranchisement.
2.16. Numbers.
2.17. Populousness of the
Roman empire.
2.18. Obedience and union.
2.19. Roman monuments.
2.20. Many of them erected
at private expence.
2.21. Example of Herodes
Atticus.
2.22. His reputation.
2.23. Most of the Roman
monuments for public use; temples, theatres, aqueducts, &c.
2.24. Number and greatness
of the cities of the empire.
2.24b. In Italy.
2.24c. Gaul and Spain.
2.24d. Africa.
2.24e. Asia.
2.25. Roman Roads.
2.25b. Posts.
2.25c. Navigation.
2.26. Improvement of agriculture
in the western countries of the empire.
2.27. Introduction of fruits,
&c.
2.27b. The vine.
2.27c. The olive.
2.27d. Flax.
2.27e. Artificial grass.
2.27f. General plenty.
2.28. Arts of luxury.
2.29. Foreign trade.
2.29b. Gold and silver.
2.30. General felicity.
2.31. Decline of courage;
2.32. Of genius.
2.33. Degeneracy.
3.1. Idea of a monarchy.
3.2. Situation of Augustus.
3.3. He reforms the senate.
3.4. Resigns his usurped power.
3.5. Is prevailed upon to resume it under the title
of Emperor or General.
3.6. Power of the Roman generals.
3.7. Lieutenants of the emperor.
3.8. Division of the provinces between the emperor
and the senate.
3.9. The former preserves his military command, and
guards in Rome itself.
3.10. Consular and tribunitian powers.
3.11. Imperial prerogatives.
3.12. The magistrates.
3.13. The senate.
3.14. General idea of the Imperial system.
3.15. Court of the emperors.
3.16. Deification.
3.17. Titles of Augustus and Cæsar.
3.18. Character and policy of Augustus.
3.19. Image of liberty for the people.
3.20. Attempt of the senate after the death of Caligula.
3.21. Image of government for the armies.
3.22. Their obedience.
3.23. Designation of a successor.
3.23b. Of Tiberius.
3.23c. Of Titus.
3.24. The race of the Cæsars and the Flavian
family.
3.25. A. D. 96. Adoption and character of Trajan.
3.25b. A. D. 98.
3.26. A.D. 117. Of Hadrian.
3.27. Adoption of the elder and younger Verus.
3.28. Adoption of the two Antonines.
3.28b. A. D. 138-180.
3.29. Character and reign of Pius.
3.30. Of Marcus.
3.31. Happiness of the Romans.
3.32. Its precarious nature.
3.33. Memory of Tiberius, Caligula, Nero, and Domitian.
3.34. Peculiar misery of the Romans under their
tyrants.
3.35. Insensibility of the Orientals.
3.36. Knowledge and free spirit of the Romans.
3.37. Extent of their empire left them no place
of refuge.
4.1. Indulgence of Marcus the Stoic.
4.2. To his wife Faustina;
4.3. To his son Commodus.
4.4. Accession of the emperor Commodus.
4.4b. A. D. 180.
4.5. Character of Commodus.
4.6. He returns to Rome.
4.8. Is wounded by an assassin. A. D. 183.
4.9. Hatred and cruelty of Commodus towards the senate.
4.10. Quintilian brothers.
4.11. The minister Perennis.
4.11b. A. D. 186.
4.12. Revolt of Maternus.
4.13. The minister Cleander.
4.13b. His avarice and cruelty.
4.15. Sedition and death of Cleander.
4.15b. A.D. 189.
4.16. Dissolute pleasures of Commodus.
4.16b. His ignorance and low sports.
4.17. Hunting of wild beasts.
4.18. Commodus displays his skill in the amphitheatre.
4.19. Acts as a gladiator.
4.19b. His infamy and extravagance.
4.20. Conspiracy of his domestics.
4.20b. Death of Commodus. A. D. 192. 31st. December.
4.21. Choice of Pertinax for Emperor.
4.22. He is acknowledged by the Prætorian
Guards,
4.23. and by the senate. A. D. 193. 1st January.
4.24. The memory of Commodus declared infamous.
4.25. Legal jurisdiction of the senate over the
emperors.
4.26. Virtues of Pertinax.
4.27. He endeavours to reform the state.
4.28. His regulations,
4.29. and popularity.
4.30. Discontent of the Prætorians.
4.30b. A conspiracy prevented.
4.31. Murder of Pertinax by the Prætorians.
A. D. 193. March 28th.
5.1. Proportion of the military force, to the number
of the people.
5.2. The Prætorian guards.
5.2b. Their institution.
5.2c. Their camp.
5.3. Their strength and confidence.
5.4. Their specious claims.
5.5. They offer the empire to sale.
5.6. It is purchased by Julian. A. D. 193. March
28th
5.7. Julian is acknowledged by the senate.
5.7b. Takes possession of the palace.
5.8. The public discontent.
5.9. The armies of Britain, Syria, and Pannonia declare
against Julian.
5.10. Clodius Albinus in Britain.
5.11. Pescennius Niger in Syria.
5.12. Pannonia and Dalmatia.
5.13. Septimius Severus.
5.13b. declared emperor by the Pannonian legions.
A. D. 193. April 13th.
5.14. Marches into Italy.
5.15. Advances towards Rome.
5.16. Distress of Julian.
5.17. His uncertain conduct.
5.18. Is deserted by the Prætorians,
5.18b. and condemned and executed by order of the
senate. A. D. 193. June 2.
5.19. Disgrace of the Prætorian guards.
5.20. Funeral and apotheosis of Pertinax.
5.21. Success of Severus against Niger, and against
Albinus.
5.21b. A. D. 193-197.
5.22. Conduct of the two civil wars. Arts of Severus
5.23. towards Niger;
5.24. Towards Albinus.
5.25. Event of the civil wars,
5.26. decided by one or two battles.
5.27. Siege of Byzantium.
5.28. Deaths of Niger and Albinus.
5.28b. Cruel consequences of the civil wars.
5.29. Animosity of Severus [a]gainst the senate.
5.30. The wisdom and justice of his government.
5.31. Relaxation of military discipline.
5.32. New establishment of the Prætorian guards.
5.33. The office of Prætorian prefect.
5.34. The senates oppressed by military despotism.
5.35. New maxims of the Imperial prerogative.
6.1. Greatness and discontent of Severus.
6.2. His wife the empress Julia.
6.3. Their two sons, Caracalla and Geta.
6.3b. Their mutual aversion to each other.
6.3c. Three emperors.
6.4. The Caledonian war. A. D. 208.
6.5. Fingal and his heroes.
6.5b. Contrast of the Caledonians and the Romans.
6.6. Ambition of Caracalla.
6.6b. Death of Severus, and accession of his two
sons. A. D. 211. 4th February.
6.7. Jealousy and hatred of the two emperors.
6.8. Fruitless negotiation for dividing the empire
between them.
6.9. Murder of Geta. A. D. 212. 27th February.
6.10. Remorse and cruelty of Caracalla.
6.11. Death of Papinian.
6.12. His [Caracalla's] tyranny extended over the
whole empire.
6.12b. A. D. 213.
6.13. Relaxation of discipline.
6.14. Murder of Caracalla. A. D. 217. 8th March.
6.14b. Imitation of Alexander.
6.15. Election and character of Macrinus.
6.15b. A. D. 217. March 11.
6.16. Discontent of the Senate,
6.17. and the army.
6.18. Macrinus attempts a reformation of the army.
6.19. Death of the empress Julia. Education, pretensions,
and revolt of Elagabalus, called at first Bassianus and Antoninus.
6.19b. A. D. 218. May 16.
6.20. Defeat and death of Macrinus.
6.20b. A. D. 218. 7th June.
6.21. Elagabalus writes to the senate.
6.22. Picture of Elagabalus. A. D. 219.
6.23. His superstition.
6.25. His profligate and effeminate luxury.
6.26. Contempt of decency which distinguished the
Roman tyrants.
15.1. Importance of the inquiry.
15.2. Its difficulties.[note to Hume]
15.3. Five causes of the growth of Christianity.
15.4. THE FIRST CAUSE. Zeal of the Jews.
15.5. Its gradual increase.
15.6. Their religion better suited to defence than
to conquest.
15.7. More liberal zeal of Christianity.
15.8. Obstinacy and reasons of the believing Jews.
15.9. The Nazarene church of Jerusalem.
15.10. The Ebionites.
15.11. The Gnostics.
15.12. Their sects, progress, and influence.
15.13. The dæmons considered as the gods of
antiquity.
15.14. Abhorrence of the Christians for idolatry.
15.14b. Ceremonies.
15.14c. Arts
15.15. Festivals.
15.16. Zeal for Christianity.
15.17. THE SECOND CAUSE. Doctrine of the immortality
of the soul[:] among the philosophers;
15.18. among the Pagans of Greece and Rome;
15.18b. among the barbarians;
15.19. among the Jews;
15.20. among the Christians.
15.20b. Approaching end of the world.
15.21. Doctrine of the Millennium.
15.22. Conflagration of Rome and of the world.
15.23. The pagans devoted to eternal punishment.
15.24. Were often converted by their fears.
15.25. THE THIRD CAUSE. Miraculous powers of the
primitive church.
15.26. Their truth contested.
15.26b. Our perplexity in defining the miraculous
period.
15.27. Use of the primitive miracles.
15.28. THE FOURTH CAUSE. Virtues of the first Christians.
15.29. Effects of their repentance.
15.30. Care of their reputation.
15.31. Morality of the fathers.
15.32. Principles of human nature.
15.33. The primitive Christians condemn pleasure
and luxury.
15.34. Their sentiments concerning marriage and
chastity.
15.35. Their aversion to the business of war and
government.
15.36. THE FIFTH CAUSE. The Christians active in
the government of the church.
15.37. Its primitive freedom and equality.
15.38. Institution of bishops as presidents of the
college of presbyters.
15.39. Provincial councils.
15.39b. Union of the church.
15.40. Progress of episcopal authority.
15.41. Pre-eminence of the metropolitan churches.
15.41b. Ambition of the Roman pontiff.
15.42. Laity and clergy.
15.43. Oblations and revenue of the church.
15.44. Distribution of the revenue.
15.45. Excommunication
15.46. Public pennance [sic].
15.47. The dignity of episcopal government.
15.48. Recapitulation of the five causes.
15.48b. Weakness of Polytheism.
15.49. The scepticism of the Pagan world proved
favourable to the new religion,[I. [ erroneously], .]
15.50. as well as the peace and union of the Roman
empire.
15.50b. Historical view of the progress of Christianity
15.51. in the East.
15.52. The church of Antioch.
15.53. In Egypt.
15.54. In Rome.
15.55. In Africa and the western provinces.
15.56. Beyond the limits of the Roman empire.
15.57. General proportion of Christians and Pagans.
15.58. Whether the first Christians were mean and
ignorant.
15.59. Some exceptions with regard to learning;
15.60. with regard to rank and fortune.
15.61. Christianity most favourably received by
the poor and simple.
15.62. Rejected by some eminent men of the first
and second centuries.
15.63. Their neglect of prophecy
15.64. and of miracles.
15.64b. General silence concerning the darkness
of the Passion.