Classification of major invertebrate phyla and classes
I. PRINCIPLES OF TAXONOMY
A. CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE
Taxonomy is the classification and nomenclature of
organisms. The naming of animals and plants is conducted according to the
respective guidelines or codes known as the International Rules of Zoological
Nomenclature by the International Committee on Zoological Nomenclature
and the International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature by the International
Committee on Botanical Nomencalture. Problems or disagreements on interpretation
of these codes are ruled on by govering committees.
All living and fossil organisms are named according
to a binomial system of Latin or latinized words. This taxonomic system
dates to the tenth edition of Systema Naturae by Carolus Linnaeus
(1758). Accordingly:
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The law of priority establishes that the first valid
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A valid species must be accomplanied by a description
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A subsequent name given to the same species or genus
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Synonyms are different names for the same species
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A Homonym is the same name for more than one species
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Only one organism can have a specific name. If another
1. The species name.
e.g. Nitzschia weaveri
Ciesielski
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The first name is generic, the second trivial, followed by the author of
the species.
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The genus name is capitalized but the trivial name is not.
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Both names are underlined in writing and italicized in print
2. Indication of a transfer of the genus
3. Subgenera and Subspecies Names
e.g. Venericardia (Venericor) smithii Aldrich
e.g. Turitella mortoni postmortoni Harris
A subgenus is included in parentheses after the generic name and a subspecies
name follows the species name.
4. Taxonomic Name Endings
B. Some Important Type Terms
1. Types of Familes
a. Type-genus: The genus upon which a family is based. Family
names are formed by adding idae to the stem of the generic name.
2. Types of generic Category
a. Genotype: The single species upon which the genus is based.
3. Types of Specific Categories
a. Holotype: the single specimen taken asthe "type" by the autor
of the speies
b. Syntype: one of several specimens of equal rank upon which
a species is based
c. Paratypes: other specimensused as examples of the type
d. Hypotype: a described, figured, or listed specimen from the
type collection
e. Topotype: a specimen from the type locality of a species
f. Lectotype: "the type" specimen designated by a subsequent
worker from the previously designated syntypes.
g. Neotype: "the type" specimen selected as the type subsequent
to the original description in cases where the original types have been
described or were declared invalid by the Commission
C. The Synonymy
A synonymy is an arranged chronology of the taxonomic history of a taxon.
All published scientific names by which the species has been designated.
Citings are given in chronological order with bibliographic references
after each name. Generic and specific names are followed by the author
of the species. The author's name is in parentheses if the species is tranferred
to another genus.
Examples:
1. Orignal species name intact
Family Spongodiscidae (Haeckel) Riedel, 1967
Genus Spongaster Ehrenberg, 1860
Spongaster tetras Ehrenberg, 1861, p. 833; 1862, p. 301; 1872,
pl. VI, fig. 8;
Nigrini, 1967, p. 41, pl. 5, figs. 1a-b, 2.
2. Species reassigned to another genus
Simonseniella curvirostris (Jousé) Fenner, 1991
Rhizosolenia curvirostris Jousé, 1959, p. 48, pl. 2, fig.
17.
Simonseniella curvirostris (Jousé) Fenner, 1991, p. 108
3. Multiple generic reassignment and emendation
Genus Bachmannocena Locker, 1974 emend. Bukry, 1987b
Bachmannocena circulus (Ehrenberg) Locker, 1974 [Plate III,
1-3]
Dictyocha circulus Ehrenberg, 1840, 1840:208.
Mesocena circulus Ehrenberg in Ehrenberg, 1844, 1844:65.
Mesocena circulus Ehrenberg in Ehrenberg, 1854, pl. 19,
fig. 44.
Bachmannocena circulus, Locker, 1974, p. 636, pl. 2, fig.
11 ( = lectotype).
Paramesocena circulus circulus (Ehrenberg) Locker and Martini,
1986, p. 909, pl. 9, figs. 2-4, pl. 12, figs. 4-5.
Paramesocena circulus circulus Locker and Martini, 1986,
p. 909, pl. 9, figs, 2-4; pl. 12, figs. 4 and 5.
D. Latin Terms and Abbreviations
| Abbrev. |
Word(s) Abbreviated
|
Meaning
|
| aff. |
affinis |
having affinity with (related) but not identical with |
| cf. |
confer |
compare |
| gen. nov. |
genus novum |
new genus |
| ibid. |
ibidem |
in the same place (reference) |
| loc. cit. |
loco citate |
place cited (publication and page) |
|
non |
not |
| nom. nov. |
nomen novum |
new name |
| n. nov. |
nomen novum |
new name |
|
nomen nudum |
name without a description |
| nov. |
novum |
new |
| nov. sp. |
nova species |
new species |
| n. sp. |
nova species |
new species |
| op. cit. |
opare citato |
publication cited (not page reference) |
|
partim |
part |
| q. v. |
quod vide |
which see |
| s. s. |
sensu stricto |
in the strict sense |
| s.l. |
sensu lato |
in the wide sense |
|
sic |
thus (to indicate that speling or reference is just as given) |
| sp. |
species |
species (singular) |
| sp. indet. |
species indeterminata |
species indeterminate |
| sp. nov. |
species nova |
new species |
| subsp. |
subspecies |
subspecies |
|
vide |
see |