Know the following
facts and figures
The four major geographical groups of
islands in the
Caribbean. Be able to place any particular island in its proper group.
The approximate size in sq. miles of the five
largest
nations/territories in the Caribbean.
The age of the mountains of Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, and
Puerto Rico.
The name and height of the highest mountain in the
Greater
Antilles.
The total number of islands in the Bahamas and the
number
inhabited.
The name and height of the highest point in the
Bahamas?
The average temperatures in the region.
The typical temperature difference between hottest
and
coldest months.
The average temperature differences between day
and
night
The months in which most hurricanes hit.
The name and date of what was probably the
most
destructive hurricane in the recorded history of the Caribbean?
The number of natural environments there
are in the
Caribbean (you need not know them by heart). and what is the principal
determinant of the type that will appear in a region?
The highest and lowest annual rainfall
regimes in
the region.
Be able to answer
briefly the following questions
How does orographically generated rainfall differ
from
convection generated rainfall? Which
type of rainfall accounts for the desert like conditions in the
southwest of
many islands? At what time of day is
convection likely to produce rainfall, and why?
Why does big Cuba get less rainfall than smaller Jamaica?
Why do small, flat islands receive
virtually no rainfall? Which months are
the dry season, which the wet
season?
Why is the soil in the Caribbean vulnerable to
easy
depletion?
What was the direction of the migration of plant,
animal,
and human life before the arrival of steamships?
Why were there few wild terrestrial mammals available for
protein on the islands? What mammals
were domesticated on small scale by Amerindian groups?
Who were the three distinct Amerindian cultural
groups recognized by the
Spaniards? Which
correspond to our “Mesolithic” category?
What is a conuco?
What was the major root crop grown on the island?
What other root crops were grown? What
are the ecological and economic
advantages of root crops? What seed
crops were grown? What was the relative
importance of root crops vs. seed crops?
What were the sources of protein?
What was the relative importance of terrestrial vs. maritime
protein? What was the most important
sea mammal? What was the most important
amphibian in terms of protein?
What was the role of gold in the island
economy?
Where was it acquired? What
problems did it eventually cause?
What was the role of alcohol and tobacco among the
Arawaks?
What was the political organization of the Arawak
islands? What role did religious belief
supposedly play?
How did Carib family structure differ from that of
the
Arawak? Was human flesh an important
source of protein in the Carib diet?
Were they as warlike as often depicted?
Why are childhood diseases like measles and mumps
so
adaptive? What were the diseases to
which Europeans and/or Africans had immunity, but which killed the
Amerindians
on contact? To which diseases were
Africans but not Europeans immune?
What were the two types of malaria brought by
outsiders to
the islands? Why was there more
likelihood of malaria on the larger than the smaller
islands?
What illness most devastated European
armies?
When and why did the islands finally become safe
for foreign
tourists?
Chapter 2:
Discovery of the Islands
Be able to identify the following
persons,
places, and
terms in 25 words or less.
Adelantado
Audiencia
Bobadilla
Capitulación
Casa de
Contratación
Encomienda
Fonseca
Las Casas
Montesinos
Navidad
Orders of Calatrava
and
Alcantara
Roldán
San
Salvador
Vecino
Watling’s
Island
Know the following
facts and figures
The distance Columbus traversed on his first
voyage and the
time it took him.
The number of ships and Europeans on Columbus’
first and
second voyages.
The animals and crops brought over on Columbus’
second
voyage.
The number of Europeans on Hispaniola by the year
1509.
The high and low estimates of the aboriginal
population of
the Caribbean.
The number of Tainos remaining on Hispaniola in
1509, and
1518.
Know the following dates:
Columbus` four voyages.
The arrival of the first European women and
children on
Hispaniola
The first colonization of Cuba.
The first expedition to Florida (under whose
leadership)?
The first crossing of the Isthmus of Panama (under
whose
leadership)?
Be able to answer
briefly the following questions
The Spaniards followed one set of international
rules for
territories governed by other Christian kings, and another set of rules
for
pagan lands. What was the difference.
How did Spaniards disrupt the native economy?
Why did Spaniards revolt against Columbus, and how
did he
placate them?
What measures did Spain take to bring royal
control over the
colonies.
What were the terms of the Spanish license to mine
gold?
Which European livestock replaced the native human
population?
What was the principal livelihood of the few
Europeans who
stayed on the island?
Where would the British, French, and Dutch tend to
settle?
What caused protein deficiency among the Tainos?
Did this
affect mortality?
Chapter 3:
Pirates Fight for Spanish Gold
Be able to identify the
following persons,
places, and
terms in 25 words or less.
Araya
peninsula
Cartagena
and Portobelo
Cimarrones
Cuzco
El Dorado
El Moro
Flota and
galeones
Francisco
Pizarro
Hernando
Cortés
Jacques de
Sores
Jean d’Ango
John
Hawkins
Juan
Bautista Antoneli
Montezuma
Nombre de
Dios
Menéndez de
Áviles
Privateers
Sir Francis Drake
Sir Walter Raleigh
Tenochititlán
The Wild Coast
Vera Cruz
Know the following
facts and
figures
The nationality of the first pirates,
their staging
area in Europe, and their original
arena of operation.
The schedules and routes of
the Spanish convoys.
The two major Spanish forts
in the Caribbean
The
location,
timing, and nature of the first Dutch activity in the Caribbean.
Know
the
following dates:
First
expedition
of conquest from Cuba to Mexico.
The
conquest of
the Aztecs.
The
conquest of
the Incas.
The
burning of
Havana by pirates.
Founding
of St.
Augustine
First
of Drake’s
piracy voyages
Sack
of Santo
Domingo by Drake
Invasion
of England by the Spanish Armada
First
Spanish settlement on Trinidad
Defeat
of Drake and Hawkins in Puerto Rico.
The
beginning of Dutch activity in the Caribbean
The
forced depopulation of western Hispaniola by the Spanish authority.
The
beginning of
French, British, and Dutch colonization
The
beginning and
end of piracy.
Be able to answer
briefly the
following questions
After
1530 what
was the major importance of the Caribbean islands in the Spanish
colonial
system? How careful was Spain to
protect the island residents against pirates and other invaders?
What
economic
role did the islands play in the conquest of the mainland?
What
commodity
replaced gold as the major source of Spanish revenue?
What
two motives
drove the pirates?
What
two measures
did the Spaniards implement to prevent their Caribbean settlers from
engaging
in illegal trade with other nations?
What
was the
major Caribbean crop for which a market had arisen in Europe by the
late
1500’s?
What
was the
purpose of the earliest British and French settlements in the
Caribbean?
Chapter 4: Spain’s
Caribbean Colonies
Be able to identify
the following persons, places, and terms in 25
words or
less
Council of the
Indies.
Audiencia.
Cabildo
Consulados
Asiento
Cimarrones and maroons.
Hernando de Soto
Gulf Stream
Spanish Town.
William Jackson
Antonio de Berrio
San José de Oruña
Know the following
facts and
figures
The overall
balance of free to slave on the Spanish islands in 1570.
The amount of time needed
to return from Mexico to Europe with the Gulf Stream.
Know
the
following dates:
Creation
of the
Casa de Contratación.
Creation
of the
Council of the
Indies
First
licensing
by Spain of the slave trade for the Indies.
First
sugar
exports by Spaniards to
Europe
Invasion
of
Florida by de
Soto
Free
blacks and
coloreds begin to outnumber whites on Spanish
islands.
Spain
gives
monopoly on slave trade to
Portuguese
Spanish
governor
burns Spanish towns on Hispaniola and concentrates population. .
Invasion
of
Jamaica by British
pirates
Conquest
of
Jamaica by the
British
French
get legal
control of Western
Hispaniola
Spain
finally
opens up her islands to free
trade.
British
take
Trinidad
Be able to answer
briefly the
following questions
Give three
measures taken by the Crown to enforce royal power.
How did a culture of centralization arise in the
Spanish colonies?
How was Spanish
colonial culture more corporate than British or French.
How were the islands gradually marginalized from the
colonial economy.
Why could European animals flourish on the
islands? What was the one European
animal that did not do well on the islands?
Tobacco was desired in Europe, but Spanish islands
couldn’t prosper.. Why?
What New World crops spread rapidly to the Old World
and began to be grown in other world regions?
Did the Spaniards try
sugar production on the island? By when
had it fizzled? Why did it not prosper?
Why did Havana replace
Santo Domingo as the center of Spain’s Caribbean activities?
Why did tobacco flourish
in Cuba and not on Hispaniola or elsewhere?
Who did the field labor for tobacco?
Why did sugar not flourish
in Cuba till later?
How did the governing of
Spanish Jamaica differ from that of the rest of the Caribbean?
Who were the absentee rulers of Jamaica?
When and why did the
Spaniards finally settle Trinidad? To which social groups did most of
the small
number of residents belong?
Chapter
5: The Dutch Empire
Be able to identify
the following persons, places, and terms in 25
words or
less
DutchWest India Company
Bahia
Recife
Piet Hayn
Sint Maarten
Peter Stuyvesant
Know the following
facts and
figures
The names of the six Dutch islands, three
in the
Lesser Antilles, three near Venezuela.
Know
the
following dates:
Arrival
of Dutch
raiders into the
Caribbean
Beginning
of
British and French colonies in Lesser
Antilles
Dutch
charter
West Indies Company for privatized war against Spain.
DWIC
attacks
Brazil en masse.
Dutch
captain
captures entire Spanish treasure fleet in
Cuba
Dutch
occupy St.
Maarten where some French settlers
were.
Spanish occupy
St.
Maarten
DWIC
takes
Curacao, as alternative to St.
Maarten
Dutch
unsuccessfully attempt to retake St.
Maarten`
Brazilian
Catholics expel Dutch from everywhere except
Recife
Spaniards
withdraw from St.
Maarten
British
and
French begin to move to Greater
Antilles
British
and
French begin to turn against Dutch merchants and shippers
Be able to answer
briefly the
following questions
Were
Spain’s
enemies also enemies to each other in their earliest settlement of the
Caribbean? Was there a religious
element in the expansion of non-Spanish Europeans into the
Caribbean?
What were the relative involvements of
public and private sectors?
What
colonies were started
as mere trading posts? Tobacco
plantations?
What
special role did the
Dutch play vis a vis settlers from other nations? What
crop eventually became their center of interest? Why
did non-Dutch settlers prefer to deal
with the Dutch than with merchants of their own nations? What country
did the
Dutch finally conquer to set up their own sugar plantations?
What
arrangement did the
Dutch and French make on St. Maarten’s?
What are
two ways in which
Saba differs from other Caribbean islands?
What was
Curacao’s
original role in Dutch strategy? What
did it become after 1648? What were the roles of Aruba and Bonaire.
`
Chapter 6: Settlement
of the Lesser Antilles
Be able to identify the following persons,
places, and
terms in 25 words or less.
Mercantilism
Windward Islands
Leeward Islands
Saint Kitts
Thomas Warner
Navigation Acts
Cavaliers
vs. Roundheads
Compagnie
des Iles d’Amerique
Morne des Sauteurs
Richlieu and Colbert
Compagnie
des Indes Occidentales
Know the following facts
and
figures
The
shift in the
size and racial composition of the population of Barbados between the
1630’s
and the 1680’s, and the main cause of the transformation.
The
two major
mechanical inventions, introduced by the Dutch, that
transformed sugar production.
The main sugar producing island during the
first 50
years of the sugar boom, and the main source of labor in the beginning.
The different mortality rates of white
indentured
servants and African slaves on the British islands.
The five
major British
settlements in the Lesser Antilles..
The two major
volcanoes in
the Caribbean, and the islands on which they are found.
The total number of islands and cays in the Virgin
Islands
Know
the
following dates:
Founding
of
French pirate camps in Tortuga and Hispaniola
Founding
of
Virginia as a tobacco growing colony
Beginning
of the
Thirty Years War
Establishment
of
first British tobacco settlement in Caribbean: St. Kitts
French
settlers
arrive in St. Kitts.
British
and Dutch
occupy different parts of St. Croix
Settlment
of
Barbados as tobacco colony.
Emigrants
from
St. Kitts settle Nevis
French
government
plants their flag on Tortuga
Emigrants
from
St. Kitts settle Montserrat and Antigua
French
settlers
from St. Kitts go to Martinique and Guadeloupe
War
between
Caribs and French settlers
British
on St.
Croix drive out the Dutch that were there
End
of the Thirty
Years War
Establishment
of
Commonwealth gov. under Oliver Cromwell
Spanish
drive out British from St. Croix.
French
governor of St. Kitts expel Spanish. Give S.C. to Knights of Malta
Passage
of
paralyzing Navigation Act in England
Restoration
of
British monarchy
Peace
between
French and Caribs, who get Dominica and St. Vincent
Rule
of Louix XIV
and Colbert begins, with French mercantilism
French
establish
a monopolistic trading company for Antilles
French
and Dutch
go to war against British
France
eliminates
company rule and islands become provinces of France
French
abandon island and Knights of Malta reclaim it
Knights of
Malta sell St. Croix to Danish, who were on St. Thomas.
Be able to answer briefly
the
following questions
When
and why did
the French and British turn from piracy to settlement?
What caused a crash in the tobacco market,
and what alternative entered the Caribbean?
Why
was it easier
for the British and French to settle the northern islands of the Lesser
Antilles than the southern?
What
was the
first British settlement? Who was on
the island? What relation emerged
between the British and the French?
How is Barbados geographically and
militarily
different from the other islands?
What are the similarities and differences between
indentured
servants and slaves.
What was the role of the Irish in this indentured
servant
economy?
Why did indentured servants prefer North America
to the West
Indies?
What island was the political capital of
the French
during the first four decades of their settlements in the Caribbean?
What were the relations between French and
Caribs in
the Lesser Antilles?
Where
did the
Virgin Islands get their names from?
What
arace the
three largest of the Virgin islands?
Chapter 7: Buccaneers
Be able to identify the following persons, places, and
terms in 25 words or less.
Anthony Hilton
Blue Mountains
Buccaneer
Charles I
D’Ogeron
De Poincy
Glorious
Revolution
Henry Morgan
Jean Le Vasseur
Juan de Bolas
Navigation Acts
New Providence
Oliver Cromwell
Port
Royal
Providence Company
Robert Venables
Sir Thomas Modyford
Thomas Modyford
Western Design
William Jackson
William Penn
William Sayle
Know the
following dates:
Shipwrecked British sailors land on Bermuda
Bermuda is given by Crown to Somers Island Company
Spanish destroy Providence Company’s settlement at Tortuga
First settling of Bahamas by Puritans from Bermuda
Beginning of
civil war in England
Jean le Vasseur establishes rule on
Tortuga, at
request of French bucc.
British
privateers raid Spanish Jamaica
Founding of
Puritan colony in Eleuthera, Bahamas.
End of civil war
in England. Execution of Charles I.
Cromwell conquers
Ireland
Cromwell conquers
Scotland
Cromwell sends
fleet to bring Barbados and Leewards under control
Passage of
Navigation Acts to prevent trading with the Dutch
Le Vasseur killed on Tortuga. Poincy
appoints a new governor.
Spanish again
attack buccaneers on Tortuga
Spanish deport
French from Tortuga and leave for Sto. Dgo.
Cromwell’s death
Restoration of
Charles II
French send a
governor to control Tortuga and Hispaniola
Decade in which
Jamaican gov. tries to curb Port Royal Pirates
End of buccaneer
economy on Western Hispaniola
Bahamas become a
new pirate haven
Spanish sack New
Providence
Glorious
Revolution
and end of restoration
period.
War between
France and Britain. British Tortuga pirates go to Bahamas.`
Earthquake
destroys Port Royal
French try to
capture Jamaica
Treaty of Ryswick
tacitly recognizes French presence on Hispaniola
Jamaica and Saint
Domingue cease to be pirate havens
Beginnings of
switch from tobacco to sugar on Saint Domingue
Peace in Europe
permits agricultural development of Jamaica
Sugar takes off
in Saint Domingue because of slaves from Jamaica
Beginning of
efforts to surpress pirates in Bahamas
Beginning of
heavier sugar planting in Jamaica
Decade in which
all nations finally turn against pirates
Turks and Caicos
separate from the Bahamas
Be able to answer briefly the
following questions
What were the
earlier buccaneer bases?
When were they
chased from them? Where did they go afterwards?
What two advantages did Jamaica and Hispaniola have for pirates?
What was the only island on which Europeans established an independent
society,
with no allegiance to any European power?
What was
Cromwell’s “Western Design”? What was the first island that the British
expedition tried to capture for Cromwell. In what year?
With what results?
How was British
colonial government organized?
What is
the difference between the “propietary system” of colonization and the
Crown
Colony model?
When and why did Britain
switch to the latter?
How were Crown
Colonies organized? Who were the major officials?
When did the British capture Jamaica? From whom? What
demographic impact
did the capture of Jamaica have on earlier British islands in the
Lesser
Antilles?
What were the major points of
disagreement between Jamaican planters and the British government?
What tensions developed
between proprietors and the settlers they sent?
When, why,
and how did
British pirates get a foothold in New Providence, Bahamas?
How were relations between British and French buccaneers on
Tortuga?
Describe the timing and
process by which sugar became dominant on St. Domingue
When did the French start
to crack down on their Hispaniola pirates?
What happened to the pirates on Tortuga under Ogeron?
When and why did British
pirates set up at Port Royal? What was
attitude of British crown to the pirates? How did Jamaican planters and
merchants relate to piracy?
Apart from profits, why did
local authorities long tolerate pirates?
Chapter
8: War
and Piracy, 1665-1720
Be able to identify the following persons, places, and
terms in 25 words or less.
Michiel
de Ruyter
Codrington
De Casse
Iberville
Blackbeard
Know the
following dates:
British capture
Dutch slave posts in West Africa.
Second Dutch War
Begins. Northern Europeans begin to fight c. each other.
Jamaican governor
commissions pirates against Curacao. They back off and
attack weaker
Providence and Spanish colonies on coast of C.America
French take St.
Kitts. British expedition from Barbados sunk by hurricane.
Treaty of Breda
ends Dutch War.
Most colonies restored.
Treaty of Madrid
ends war between British and Spaniards. Piracy continues.
Beginning of
Third Dutch War, between Holland and France. Sent armadas.
Less effective than
pirates and merchant privateers.
Dutch defeated at Martinique.
French take smaller Dutch islands, but can’t take Curacao.
Ogeron, called from
Hispaniola to help,
sinks in storm.
Dutch West India Company bankrupt and disbanded.
Dutch armada retakes St. Maartens but fail at capture of
Saint Domingue
French fail again in Curacao. Armada and pirate ships sink
on reef of Bonaire.
Treaty of Nimjegen
Jamaican governor
finally ends support of piracy. Pirates move elsewhere.
First to Danish
and British islands.
Finally to
Bahamas, last pirate haven.
Tortuga pirates sack Vera Cruz.
Treaty of Ratisbon.
French gov. agrees to stop piracy.
Tortuga pirates loot Campeche in Nicaragua
Beginning of Nine Years War
Port Royal
destroyed by earthquake.
Treaty of Ryswyck
that ended 9 Years War
Beginning of War
of Spanish Succession.
End of War of
Spanish Succession
Be able to answer briefly the
following questions
The year 1665
marked a transition in the behavior of Northern Europeans toward each
other.
What were the “before” and “after” situations?
How long did this situation last?
What military strategies
did
Britain and France use?
How did the
colonists
participate?
What were the “two
parallel societies” in the Caribbean
What were the major events of Second
Dutch War.
Name five pirate bases in
the Caribbean of the 1660’s.
Who fought against whom in
the Nine Years War?
How did disease
help the French?
What was the last massive joint pirate expedition in the
Caribbean?
For whom and against whom
were the pirates fighting?
Why did Britain fight the War of the Spanish Succession in
1702?
When and why did Caribbean pirates shift to the Bahamas for
their base of operations?
Who finally
put an end to their operations in the Caribbean, when and how?
Where did they go?
Chapter 9: Sugar
rules the islands
Be able to identify the following
persons, places, and terms in 25 words or less.
cabildo
clay sugar
mercantilism
molasses
muscovado
Real Compañía
de Comercio
redlegs
Sugar Act
Be able to
answer briefly the following questions
In
the early 1700s, there were still Caribs on two islands.
Which islands?
Only one
island in the Lesser Antilles
still had Spaniards.
Which?
The Bahamas still remained unsettled through
much of the 18
th century.
Why?
Some islands were used mostly as free ports
for the sale of slaves.
Which?
Which new foods and drinks
underlie the evolution of the “sugar habit” in Europe?
Which country consumed most per-capita
sugar?
Which island was the first major
sugar producer?
Compare the amount of
sugar that the average Briton consumed per year in 1700, before the
sugar boom,
to the per-capita amount consumed by the middle of the 20
th
century.
How did the British
and the French governments differ in their core strategies for
generating
revenue from sugar?
The American Revolution was largely triggered by
competition between two European countries in their Caribbean colonies.
Explain.
Which
were the three most important French ports for slaving expeditions and
for receiving
the produce of the colonies?
Unlike
the French, the British insisted on the refining of sugar in Britain
itself.
What British city was the major
sugar refiner?
What British city was
the major base of the slave trade?
There
were two major social groups in Britain that constituted the “West
India
interest”.
Who were they and how did
they protect their interests in the mid 1700’s?
Why could Barbadians sell their sugar more cheaply
in Liverpool than Jamaicans?
Examine Table 9.
The six islands in the British Leewards reached their height of
sugar
production in the mid 1700s.
Name the
islands.
What was the largest of these
islands?
What was the population
of
that island in 1724?
And how many slaves to each white were there
on that island?
Look at the same
island in 1834.
What was its total
population and how many slaves to each white were there?
The British captured Jamaica in 1655.
Yet
it did not take off into heavy sugar
planting until nearly a century later.
Why?
What were the preferred
alternative occupations?
What was the
slave-to-white ratio by 1775?
In
Jamaica, as in other islands, the sector of free blacks and mulattos
grew.
Look at Table 12.
What percentage of the non-white population was free in 1758, in
1800, and in 1834?
By the ealy 1800’s several technological
improvements had been made in the Jamaican sugar industry.
What were they?
How do we know that
these improvements improved the production
per slave?
What was the capital of
Saint-Domingue in the early 1700s, and where was it located? When did
sugar
cultivation begin attaining some in Saint-Domingue (today Haiti) ?
In what part did the takeoff occur, and
why?
Some parts of Saint-Domingue
were
drier and required irrigation canals.
Where was this the case and what was the result of the
irrigation?
Where was coffee grown?
How did coffee plantations compare in size
to sugar plantations.
To what social
group did many of the owners of coffee plantations belong?
The French also owned Guadeloupe and Martinique in
the Leeward Islands.
But they were
used less for sugar growing than for another economic purpose.
Which?
How was the economic role of the free coloreds in these two
islands
different from those in Saint-Domingue?
There were two British islands in the Leewards that
had become sugar plantations.
One of
them was captured by Carib Indians, the other by revolting slaves who
captured
the island for a year.
Which islands?
To which two islands did many British
planters free?
Sugar growing was delayed on the Spanish
islands.
Why?
What
was their economic mainstay?
What was Cuba’s role in the Spanish colonial
system?
On what part of the island was
the population concentrated?
Where have
revolutions begun?
Major restrictions
of freedom arose in Cuba when one Spanish ruling dynasty was replaced
by
another.
What were the two dynasties
and when did the change occur?
What
economic and political changes occurred at local level?
A particular group of Cubans revolted
several times in the 1720’s.
What group
and why?
When did Cuba finally open up
for sugar planting and commerce with the U.S.?
What was the policy of Spanish crown after that?
Cuba sugar also benefited from two
revolutions?
Which revolutions and
when?
Compare the number of sugar mills
in Cuba in 1763 and 1827.
What was
the
ecological impact of the growth of sugar in Cuba?
In 1733 a census was done in Trinidad.
How
many Europeans were there, and from what
nation?
How was the fate of the
Arawak
different on Trinidad than it had been on Hispaniola?
When did plantation development begin and what impact did it
have on the Arawak.
Chapter 10: The
World of the Slaves
Be able to identify the following persons, places, and
terms in 25 words or less.
central
Code Noir
colono
garapa,
grappe
manumission
Middle Passage
Royal
Africa Company
Be able to answer briefly the
following questions
Rogozinsky says:
“Never before in human
history had so high a
proportion of a population been slaves.”
To what time period is he referring?
And what percentage does he cite?
Some slaves were better off
than others.
Which were the best
off?
At which phase of plantation
development were conditions harshest?
When did European governments begin passing legislation to
protect
slaves?
Was it better being a slave in
the Caribbean or in North America?
What
statistics support your answer?
Which European country was the first to make great wealth in
the slave trade?
Which country imported
the most over Caribbean history?
How
many?
Which major Caribbean power never
became involved in the slave trade?
Which European country only did slavery.
What was the major expense
for Europeans in Africa?
How was it
initially financed?
How did the
permission to deal in slaves evolve over time?
Compare the quantity of
slaves shipped to North America with the Caribbean.
Which nation was unable to
supply its islands with enough slaves and had to allow traders from
other
nations to come in?
On which island
did British slavers first stop after the journey from Africa?
French slavers would first stop in
Martinique, even though they would sell most of the slaves in
Saint-Domingue.
Why?
Which
two islands did Dutch slavers use as
slave depots?
The Danish?
Examine
table 16.
From 1600 to 1870 how many
slaves were imported to the British islands, the French islands, and
the
Spanish islands?
How many slaves were
imported
to the entire Caribbean region, to South America, and to British North
America?
Slavery existed in Africa
itself before the arrival of the Europeans.
What percentage of local African populations were perhaps slaves?
How did their slavery differ from that of
Caribbean slavery?
Who were the major
purchasers of African slaves?
What were
the two slaving routes in pre-colonial Africa?
When did these slave circuits begin?
Who were the first
Europeans to arrive in West Africa?
In
what year?
Did they establish their own
slave-capture circuits?
Why did not
Europeans try to live in Africa at this period.
With what other buyers did
European slavers have to compete?
Why
were European slave ships filled mostly with males?
What were the two islands
for which most ships aimed as the first stop-off?
What
was the minimum time a crossing would take?
How
many slaves were on the average
ship?
What was the average size
crew?
What was the major cause of
death?
What percentage of slaves
died
in the Middle Passage
before 1700?
After 1800?
What change in milling
practice occurred in Cuba in the mid 1800’s?
How did British regulation
concerning slaves differ from French and Dutch in terms of local
autonomy?
In terms of marriage and
religion?
In terms of manumission?
What were the essential
types of places that every sugar plantation had to have?
What are the rainy and dry seasons in the
Caribbean?
What was the hardest task in
the sugar cycle?
Why were animals
essential when the cane was growing?
List
the four tasks in the pre-harvest cycle.
How did the three roller
mill work?
What were the four possible
energy sources?
What happened to the
juice after it was squeezed out of the cane?
What was molasses?
What were
windmills used for and where?
What is
garapa and who used it? How did British and French differ in terms of
rum
consumption?
What were the three field
gangs?How did tasking differ from ganging?
Which did the slaves prefer?
When did the period of “amelioration” begin on British isles.
What were slave houses
like?
How did they get clothes?
What were the two ways of
feeding slaves?
How was corn
prepared?
Could they raise
animals?
What did they do with the
animals?
What was major protein
source?
What about the diet may have
contributed to low fertility and high mortality?
Was
whipping and beating a larger source of mortality than food
neglect?
In developed colonies what
percentage of slaves lived on plantations?
What percentage of plantation slaves did field labor?
“The distinction between
slavery and freedom eventually blurred in many towns”?
What is meant by that.
Why
was slave social life better in
town?
What kind of slaves could earn
money?
Did they have to turn it over to
masters?
How were slaves often able to
buy land after emancipation?
In 1825 how many slaves
were in the Caribbean and how many in North America?
Was there difference in the mortality of slaves from Catholic
and
Protestant colonies?
What
nutritional
factors affect fertility and morality?
What was
the common infant mortality rate?
What
year did the slave trade end in the British isles?
What connection was there between the ending of the slave trade
and reduced slave mortality.
The
decline in Caribbean slave populations is caused by two independent
factors
each of which must be explained separately.
Which factors?
Which is easier
to explain?
Chapter 11: England
and France Struggle to Control the Islands
Be able to identify the following persons, places, and
terms in 25 words or less.
Choiseul
Cornwallis
de Grasse
guarda
costas
Rodney
ship of the line and
frigate
William Pitt
Be able to answer briefly the following questions
For four decades beginning in the mid 1740’s Britain and
France were at war with each other.
How
did their behavior in the Caribbean differ from the wars which they had
had in
the 1600’s?
Did slaves benefit or
suffer from the wars? Why?
Which island most frequently changed hands?
What
was its strategic importance to both
France and Britain?
Mortality among the
French was particularly high.
What
caused it?
What provoked the War of
Jenkins’ Ear in 1739?
There were four
islands which, in the 1700’s, housed Amerindians.
Which
tribal group and which islands?
French
settlers were particularly attracted to Dominica.
Why?
What was their main obstacle in settling it?
By the mid 1700’s the Dutch had ceased being the major naval
power in the Caribbean.
Which countries
had the best navies?
Why were they
fighting with each other?
During the
Seven Years’ War, there were two other theaters besides the Caribbean
where
England and France were fighting each other.
Which?
Did they use colonists
and pirates against each other in their Caribbean theater?
Why did they try to capture each others’
island territories?
What was the major source of mortality among British troops
in their attacks on French islands?
British conquests of Martinique and Gudaeloupe actually led to
increased
slavery.
How?
There
was one French island that the British could not take at
this point. Which?
Spain eventually declared its intent to side with France.
Why?
In Britain’s attack on Spanish
Havana, how many British troops died in battle?
How
many died from disease?
When did the Treaty of Paris occur and how did it change the
destiny of
Cuba, Florida, and Canada?
After the Treaty of Paris, France began planning
revenge.
What was the major form of
preparation?
Know the dates for the
American Revolutionary War.
When did
France finally declare war on Britain again?
What determined the timing of the declaration?
When did Spain enter the war?
On whose side?
And why?
During this war the slaves of two
British
islands died in unusually great numbers.
Which islands?
Why?
There were two natural
enemies that European troops had to fight. What were they?
And what measures were taken to protect
troops against each?
One island served as a major
supplier of weapons to the Americans in their revolution?
Which?
It could serve that purpose because of certain concessions that
the
island’s owners had made in the 1750’s.
Who were the owners and what was the concession?
Britain was almost ejected from the
Caribbean by the French and the Spanish.
It was the Battle of the Saints that saved Britain.
Where did that name come from?
Where
did it take place?
Who were the two
commanders?
And what did it prevent the
French from
doing?
Chapter 12:
Runaways and Rebels
Be able to identify the following persons,
places, and
terms in 25 words or less.
Akan
Cockpit Country
Cudjoe
gens de
couleur
Gold Coast
grands
blancs and petits blancs
Le Maniel
Mackandal
Maroon
Nanny Town
Trelawney Town
Know
the
following dates:
British
bring
troops from Gibraltar against Jamaican maroons.
British
sign
treaty with Jamaican maroons.
First
Maroon War
on Jamaica
Treaty
with Le
Maniel maroons on St. Domingue
The
beginning of
the French Revolution
French
King
overthrown, Jacobins come to power
Second
Maroon War
in Jamaica
Napoleon
comes to
power
Be able to answer
briefly the
following questions
In only one colony were the slaves able to destroy
a
plantation system and establish their own society.
Which colony? When did
the revolution begin? When did it
end? What was the name of the new
country.
Slaves occasionally killed their owners. What was the most common means?
Two forms of resistance were particularly
feared by planters. Which?
On smaller islands maroon communities
eventually disappeared. Why?
Around 1700 there were two islands in the
Lesser
Antilles that were still not settled by the Europeans.
Which islands and why?
What was the major protein source of Jamaican
maroons?
What African group assisted the British in
fight
against Jamaican maroons? What
indigenous group did the British recruit to help in fight against
maroons? The British exiled hundreds
of surrendering
maroons. Where were they sent to? What was the Spanish policy toward slaves
who escaped from the islands of other European powers?
What was the favorite place of refuge for
slaves fleeing from the Leeward Islands?
From Jamica? From
Saint-Domingue?
Compare North America to the
Caribbean in terms of the severity of slave revolts.
Before the Haitian Revolution, one
particular
territory was well known for the frequency and severity of slave
revolts. Which?
There were fewer slave revolts on the Spanish islands. Why?
When, where, and why did slave revolts begin occurring on a
Spanish
colony?
The Coromante slaves had a special status
in the
Caribbean; They were both valued and feared by planters.
Why?
What special relation to the slave trade did they have back in
Africa? What was their form of
social
organization? The Jamaican maroon Tacky
wanted to recreate African society. How
would he do this?
What did whites do to captured rebels?
Where and when was the first Caribbean
slave revolt
which almost succeeded in destroying plantation society?
Some thirty years before the Haitian
revolution, a slave revolt on Jamaica almost destroyed plantation
society. When did it occur? Who was the
leader? Where was he from?
How many slaves did he lead? What were his objectives? How was he defeated?
Before the revolt,
Saint-Domingue supplied much of the world’s sugar and coffee.
Give the percentages.
How many plantations were on the island?
The
free coloreds of Saint Domingue differed
in two ways from their counterparts on British, Spanish, and other
French
islands.
How?
There
were two classes of Saint-Domingue slaves that had an
easier time.
Which?
What military battles on
Saint-Domingue immediately preceded the slave revolt of 1791?k
In what year did they begin?
What triggered them?
Saint-Domingue
was divided into 3
provinces.
What political entity was
created for each Province?
What were
whites fighting with other whites about?
What was the dominant sentiment among the whites about their
relation to
France?
Chapter 13: The
British Colonies
Rogozinski provides a synopsis of his
history of the British colonies. What
practice does he say dominated every aspect of life in the Caribbean
islands?
What economic policies did Britain
institute at the same time that it abolished slavery in its Caribbean
colonies?
How did this situation, coupled with the
need to create entirely new societies, affect the governments of
Britain’s
colonies?
THE
LONG ROAD TO FREEDOM
Many Europeans came to consider slavery to
be evil, first in Great Britain and later on the continent. What religious movement led to a profound
change in British attitudes during the last quarter of the 18th century?
The religious revival
provided not only
ideas but also ____________________.
Beginning in the
1780s, what three
Christian denominations provided missionaries who were active in the
West
Indies?
Due to the leadership
of several black
deacons in the Jamaican revolt of 1831-1832, the revolt was also known
as the
__________ War.
Britain passed the
Abolition Act in
1833. In what year was “apprenticeship”
also abolished, finally providing complete freedom to the slaves of the
British
colonies?
After abolition, most
freedmen expected to
remain in their cottages, which they had built with their own hands. When owners began to demand that they pay
rent, what was their response?
After the abolition of
slavery, what one
factor largely determined whether sugar estates survived on a
particular
island?
After emancipation,
what was the primary
way that Trinidad obtained the labor needed to maintain its sugar
industry? (People from this place made
up almost one-third of Trinidad’s population in 1917.)
CROWN
COLONY GOVERNMENT REPLACES THE OLD REPRESENTATIVE SYSTEM
“The extinction of representative
government in the West Indies ran counter to the general trend in
Britain and
its colonies with a white majority.”
For what two reasons did Britain replace democracy with direct
rule?
What incident gave Britain the occasion to
institute direct rule in Jamaica, and when did it occur?
Chapter 14: The
Spanish islands fight for freedom.
CUBA, THE RICHEST ISLAND
The largest
island in the Caribbean is __________. It
is __________ times the size of Jamaica
and __________ times the size of Barbados.
It is the only Greater Antilles island not dominated by
__________.
Like
18th-century Jamaica and Saint-Dominigue, Cuba was devoted
to growing sugar by the 1860s. It was
different, however, in that it had a much larger white population. Those born in Cuba were known as __________,
and those from Spain as __________.
When sugar
prices began falling in the late 1800s, Cuban sugar
plantations sought to reduce their costs by building large modern mills. Where did the money to build the mills come
from?
What American
president intervened in the Cuban civil war?
What was the
name of the treaty that granted Cuban independence,
and what year was it signed?
PUERTO
RICO DEVELOPS A PLANTATION ECONOMY
What crop
became Puerto Rico’s primary commercial crop during
the 19th century? What effect did this
have on race relations in Puerto Rico?
What event in
1875 led to a growing desire for independence in
Puerto Rico? Spain granted autonomy
to
Puerto Rico in November 1898. What
treaty set aside that autonomy? (The
answer is on p. 206.)
Chapter 15:
Hispaniola and the Leeward Islands
What
worldwide trend
does Rogozinski point out as being especially important in its effect
on the
Caribbean islands?
France viewed its
colonies as integral parts of the homeland.
In what three ways did its treatment of its colonies differ from
that of
Britain and Spain?
Which
two Caribbean
countries had no ties to a European power for most of the 19th century?
THE FRENCH
ISLANDS ABOLISH SLAVERY
When
did abolitionists
gain power in France?
The French government
subsidized the immigration of indentured Indian laborers and gave
preferential
trade status to sugar from its Caribbean colonies.
How else did France favor the sugar industry of its Caribbean
possessions?
Even
though economic
difficulties drove many whites out of the French colonies at the end of
the
1800s, and colonial society became more segregated, social peace was
normally
maintained. Why?
THE DUTCH
COLONIES SURVIVE
Which
of the Dutch
Antilles was the most prosperous during the 1800s, and what was its
economy based on?
In
what four ways did
the inhabitants of the Dutch Leeward islands support themselves?
THE VIRGIN
ISLANDS UNDER THE DANISH CROWN
What
caused the
prosperity of the Danish Virgin Islands to decline in the 1830s?
Emancipation
made sugar
plantations unprofitable, and Denmark found that revenue from the
islands did
not cover its costs. What year did
Denmark finally sell the islands to the United States?
THE FORMATION
OF MODERN HAITI
What
were the two castes
that developed under Dessalines and Christophe and their successors?
King
Henry I (Henry
Christophe) retained Dessaline's system of ____________________ to
produce
crops from ____________________. In contrast,
the farmers
in Pétion's republic stopped growing export crops and instead planted
____________________
Who
succeeded Pétion as
president of the republic? When did he
unite the north and south under one government? When
was he removed from office?
What
subsequent ruler
did Rogozinski compare to Duvalier?
Name three ways he moved to consolidate power.
What
did Geffard do in
1860 to reverse this man's policies, and what effect did it have on
Haiti's
educational system?
SANTO
DOMINGO’S VANISHED GLORY
What
events led to an
enduring hatred between the peoples of Santo Domingo and Haiti?
Under
the rule of Ulises
Heureaux, what unusual arrangement did the government of Santo Domingo
make
with an American firm?
What
American president
took over the collection of Santo Domingo's customs, and how long did
the US
continue to supervise Santo Domingo's finances?