University of Florida

Department of History

Semester I, Fall 2009

 

AMH 5930: American Indian History Pre-1850

Flint 013, Wednesdays 5:10-8:10pm

 

Dr. Juliana Barr

Keene-Flint Hall, #021

(352) 273-3364

jbarr@history.ufl.edu

http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/jbarr

Office Hours: Wednesdays and Thursdays 2:00-3:30pm, and by appointment

 

 

This reading seminar will introduce students to the study, writing, and methodology of North American Indian history, focusing primarily on the period from the seventeenth through the early nineteenth century, places the European invasion and settlement of North America in the context of American Indian history, and develops comparisons among indigenous nations who confronted the English, Spanish, French and later Anglo-Americans.  Key themes are: cross-cultural encounter; economic exchange & development; religious conflict and conversion; social and ethnic hierarchies – all of which will be examined across the diversity of native peoples of early North America.

 

 

Readings

 

Each week everyone will read the core assignment.  In addition, each person will also select an item from the list of secondary titles; there will be no duplication of secondary readings. Generally, an individual will be free to choose the work that most interests him/her, but some “volunteers” may be sacrificed to ensure that interpretive diversity prevails.  All books assigned as core readings are available for purchase at Goerings bookstore (1717 NW 1st Ave, phone 377-3703).  The secondary readings are left to your discovery, reading, and xeroxing at the library or online website of your choice.

 

 

Written Assignments

 

You will write three papers, 7-8 pages, typed, double-spaced, choosing between questions 1 or 2 for your first paper and 3 or 4 for your second paper, but everyone must confront the final essay for the third paper.  In writings these essays, you need use only course readings.  No outside research is needed or desired.  If you wish to write on a different topic, please discuss your proposal with me.  Late work will not be accepted without penalty.

 

DUE FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 9 – Identify what you consider to be the most salient characteristics of the initial confrontations between Old and New Worlds and discuss the degree to which they were shaped by imperial and/or indigenous influences.

 

DUE FRIDAY, MARCH 9 – Discuss the comparative responses to European missionary efforts by American Indians, a the individual or community level, and how they were or were not focused on differences of spirituality and religion. 

 

DUE FRIDAY, MARCH 30 – Explain how Puritan ideologies configured relations both internal and external to New England societies.

 

DUE FRIDAY, APRIL 13 – Discuss the role of slaves and slavery in forming and developing colonial societies.

 

DUE FRIDAY, MAY 4 – What impact did inclusion in transatlantic networks have on individuals and empires in North America.

 

 

REWRITE POLICY

You may rewrite either or both of the first two assigned papers (time constraints prohibit rewriting the final one), but only after talking with me about such details as the new due date and the kinds of changes to be made. You must inform me of your decision to rewrite a paper by the Friday following the class session at which I first return the original version. You will ordinarily receive one week to rewrite, but I will be flexible about negotiating extensions for good cause. The old draft must accompany the new version when you turn it in to me. Rewriting cannot lower your grade (nor can changing your mind about handing in a revised paper), but it does not by itself guarantee a higher one; you must substantially rework the essay, following my comments and initiating your own improvements too.

 

 

Grading

 

Papers (each 25%)       75%

Class Discussion**          25% 

 

** Students are expected to attend and to actively engage in each class discussion.  Participation should reflect careful reading of and thoughtful engagement with the assigned readings.

 

 

 

 

Week 1/August 26:     Introductions

 

 

I.          Diplomacy & Warfare

 

Week 2/September 2:  A League of Their Own

 

Core Reading:  Daniel Richter, The Ordeal of the Longhouse: The Peoples of the Iroquois League in the Era of European Colonization

 

Secondary Readings:

 

Overview

 

James Axtell, “Colonial America without the Indians: Counterfactual Reflections,” Journal of American History 73 (1987), 981-96

James H. Merrell, “‘The Customes of Our Countrey’: Indians and Colonists in Early America,” in Strangers Within the Realm, ed. Bernard Bailyn and Philip D. Morgan, 117-156

Neal Salisbury, “Native People and European Settlers in Eastern North America, 1600-1783,” in Bruce G. Trigger and Wilcomb E. Washburn, eds., The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, vol. 1: North America, part 1, 399-460

 

Social and Political Organization

 

Matthew Dennis, Cultivating a Landscape of Peace, 76-115

William N. Fenton, “Northern Iroquoian Culture Patterns,” in Handbook of North American Indians: Vol. 15: Northeast, ed. Bruce G. Trigger, 296-321

Neal Salisbury, “The Indians’ Old World: Native Americans and the Coming of Europeans,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 53 (July 1996), 435-58

Nancy Shoemaker, “The Rise or Fall of Iroquois Women,” Journal of Women’s History 2 (Winter 1991), 39-57

Elisabeth Tooker, “Women in Iroquois Society,” in Extending the Rafters: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Iroquoian Studies, ed. Michael K. Foster et al, 109-23

Christopher Vecsey, “The Story and Structure of the Iroquois Confederacy,” Journal of the American Academy of             Religion 54 (1986): 79-106

 

Trade, Warfare, and Diplomacy

 

José António Brandão, “Your Fyre Shall Burn No More”: Iroquois Policy toward New France and Its Native Allies to 1701, 117-31

Catharine M. Desbarats, “The Cost of Early Canada’s Native Alliances: Reality and Scarcity's Rhetoric,”

William and Mary Quarterly 3d ser. 57 (1995), 609-30

Denys Delâge, Bitter Feast: Amerindians and Europeans in Northeastern North America, 1600-64, 163-238

W. J. Eccles, The Canadian Frontier, 1534-1760, rev. ed., 103-131      

Francis Jennings, “Iroquois Alliances in American History,” in The History and Culture of Iroquois Diplomacy, eds. Francis Jennings et al, 37-65

James H. Merrell, “‘Their Very Bones Shall Fight’: The Catawba-Iroquois Wars,” in The Covenant Chain, eds. Daniel K. Richter and James H. Merrell, 115-33

Neal Salisbury, “Toward the Covenant Chain: Iroquois and Southern New England Algonquians, 1637-1684,” in Daniel K. Richter and James H. Merrill, eds., The Covenant Chain, 61-73

Laurier Turgeon, “The Tale of the Kettle: Odyssey of an Intercultural Object,” Ethnohistory 44 (1997): 1-29

 

Week 3/September 9:  Indian Rules, Indians Rule

 

Core Reading:  Juliana Barr, Peace Came in the Form of a Woman: Indians and Spaniards in the Texas Borderlands

 

Secondary Readings:

 

Overview

 

“Iberia and America before the Conquest,” chp. 1 in Colonial Latin America, 4th ed., eds. Mark A. Burkholder and Lyman L. Johnson, 1-41

Daniel K. Richter, Facing East from Indian Country: A Native History of Early America, chp. 1, 11-40

Steve J. Stern, “Paradigms of Conquest; History, Historiography, and Politics,” Journal of Latin American Studies 24 Quincentenary Supplement (1992): 1-34

 

Cross-Cultural Perspectives

 

Kathleen M. Brown, “The Anglo-Algonquian Gender Frontier,” in Negotiators of Change, ed. Nancy Shoemaker, 26-48

Inga Clendinnen, “‘Fierce and Unnatural Cruelty’: Cortés and the Conquest of Mexico,” Representations 33 (Winter 1991), 65-100

Cecilia F. Klein, “Fighting with Femininity: Gender and War in Aztec Mexico,” in Gender Rhetorics: Postures of Dominance and Submission in History, ed. Richard C. Trexler, 107-46

James Krippner-Martínez, “The Politics of Conquest: An Interpretation of the Relación de Michoacán,” The Americas 47 (October 1990), 177-97

John E. Kicza, “Dealing with Foreigners: A Comparative Essay Regarding Initial Expectations and Interactions between Native Societies and the English in North America and the Spanish in Mexico,” Colonial Latin American Historical Review 3 (Fall 1994): 381-97

Theda Perdue, “Columbus Meets Pocahontas in the American South,” Southern Cultures 3 (1997), 4-20

Cecilia Sheridan, “Social Control and Native Territoriality in Northeastern New Spain,” in Choice, Persuasion, and Coercion: Social Control on Spain’s North American Frontiers, eds. Jesús F. de la Teja and Ross Frank, trans. Ned F. Brierley, 121-48

 

Cross-Cultural Understanding or Misunderstanding

 

Sabine MacCormack, “Limits of Understanding: Perceptions of Greco-Roman and Amerindian Paganism in Early Modern Europe,” in America in European Consciousness, 1493-1750, ed. Karen Ordahl Kupperman, 79-129

Patricia Galloway, “‘The Chief Who Is Your Father’: Choctaw and French Views of the Diplomatic Relation,” in Powhatan’s Mantle: Indians in the Colonial Southeast, eds., Peter H. Wood, Gregory A. Waselkov, and M. Thomas Hatley, 254-78

Nancy Parrott Hickerson, “The Visits of the ‘Lady in Blue’: An Episode in the History of the South Plains, 1629,” Journal of Anthropological Research 46 (1990), 67-90

Louis Montrose, “The Work of Gender in the Discourse of Discovery,” Representations 33 (Winter 1991), 1-41

Matthew Restall, “The Lost Words of La Malinche: The Myth of (Mis) Communication,” chp. 5 of Seven Myths      of the Spanish Conquest, 77-99

Nancy Shoemaker, “An Alliance Between Men: Gender Metaphors in 18th-Century American Indian Diplomacy East of the Mississippi,” Ethnohistory 46 (1999), 239-63

Mariah Wade, “Go-Between: The Roles of Native American Women and Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca in Southern Texas in the 16th Century,” Journal of American Folklore 112 (1999), 332-42

 

II.         Ideology & Spirituality

 

Week 4/September 16:  Crossing Over

 

Core Reading:  James Axtell, The Invasion Within: The Contest of Cultures in Colonial North America

 

Secondary Readings:

 

Social & Spiritual Worlds of New England, New France

 

J. M. Bumsted, “The Cultural Landscape of Early Canada,” in Strangers Within the Realm, eds. Bernard Bailyn and Philip D. Morgan, 363-92

Charles Cohen, “Puritanism,” Encyclopedia of the North American Colonies, III, 577-94

Richard Godbeer, The Devil’s Dominion: Magic and Religion in Early New England, 85-121                                      

David D. Hall, Worlds of Wonder, Days of Judgment: Popular Religious Belief in Early New England, 71-116

Perry Miller, The New England Mind: The Seventeenth Century, 3-34

Peter N. Moogk, “Magic and Religion in the Colonists’ World,” chp. 9 of La Nouvelle France: The Making of French Canada – A Cultural History, 235-264

Gilles Paquet and Jean-Pierre Wallot, “Nouvelle-France/Québec/Canada: A World of Limited Identities,” in Colonial Identity in the Atlantic World, 1500-1800, eds., Nicholas Canny and Anthony Pagden, 95-114

 

Views of the “Other”

 

George R. Hamell, “Mythical Realities and European Contact in the Northeast during the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,” Man in the Northeast, no. 33 (Spring 1987), 63-87

Cornelius J. Jaenen, “Amerindian Views of French Culture in the Seventeenth Century,” Canadian Historical Review 55 (1974), 261-91

Cornelius J. Jaenen, “Conceptual Frameworks for French Views of America and Amerindians,” French Colonial Studies 2 (1978), 1-22

Rebecca Kugel, “Of Missionaries and Their Cattle: Ojibwa Perceptions of a Missionary as Evil Shaman,” Ethnohistory 41 (1994) 227-244

Karen Ordahl Kupperman, “The Names of God,” in Indians and English: Facing Off in Early America, 110-141

Gordon M. Sayre, “Clothing, Money, and Writing,” in Les Sauvages Américains: Representations of Native Americans in French and English Colonial Literature, 144-217

Bruce G. Trigger, “Early Native American Responses to European Contact: Romantic versus Rationalistic Interpretations,” Journal of American History 77 (March 1991), 1195-1215

 

Cross-Religious Relations

 

Charles L. Cohen, “Conversion among Puritans and Amerindians: A Theological and Cultural Perspective,” in Francis Bremer, ed., Puritanism: Transatlantic Perspectives on a 17th-Century Anglo-American Faith, 233-56

Tracy Neal Leavelle, “Geographies of Encounter: Religion and Contested Spaces in Colonial North America,” American Quarterly 56 (2004), 913-43

Joel W. Martin, “Traditions and Crisis in the Eastern Woodlands,” chp. 2 of The Land Looks After Us: A History of Native American Religion, 32-58

David Murray, “Spreading the Word: Missionaries, Conversion, and Circulation in the Northeast,” in Spiritual Encounters: Interactions between Christianity and Native Religions in Colonial America, eds. Nicolas Griffiths and Fernando Cervantes, 43-64

Ann Marie Plane, “‘My heart did love the having of two wives,’” chp. 2 of Colonial Intimacies: Indian Marriage in Early New England, 41-66

James P. Ronda, “‘We Are Well As We Are’: An Indian Critique of Seventeenth-Century Christian Mission,” William and Mary Quarterly 3d ser. 34 (1977), 66-82

 

Week 5/September 23:  Cross Purposes

 

Core Reading:  David Silverman, Faith and Boundaries: Colonists, Christianity, and Community Among the Wampanoag Indians of Martha's Vineyard, 1600-1871

 

Secondary Readings:

 

Population and Disease

 

Sherburne F. Cook, “Interracial Warfare and Population Decline among the New England Indians,” Ethnohistory 20 (1973), 1-24

Elizabeth A. Fenn, “Biological Warfare in Eighteenth-Century North America: Beyond Jeffrey Amherst,” Journal of American History 86 (2000), 1552-1580

 

Worlds of New England

 

Virginia DeJohn Anderson, “King Philip’s Herds: Indians, Colonists, and the Problem of Livestock in Early New England,” William and Mary Quarterly 3d ser. 51 (1994), 601-624

Emerson W. Baker & John G. Reid, “Amerindian Power in the Early Modern Northeast: A Reappraisal,” William and Mary Quarterly 3d ser. 61 (January 2004): 77-106

Kathleen Bragdon, “Gender as a Social Category in Southern New England,” Ethnohistory 43 (1996): 573-92

Harvey A. Feit, “The Construction of Algonquian Hunting Territories: Private Property as Moral Lesson, Policy Advocacy, and Ethnographic Error,” in Colonial Situations: Essays on the Contextualization of Ethnographic Knowledge, ed. George W. Stocking, 109-134

Matthew H. Edney and Susan Cimburek, “Telling the Traumatic Truth: William Hubbard’s Narrative of King Philip’s War and His ‘Map of New-England,’” William and Mary Quarterly 3d ser. 61 (2004): 317-48

Adam J. Hirsch, “The Collision of Military Cultures in 17th Century New England,” Journal of American History 74 (1988), 1187-1212

Jenny Hale Pulsipher, “‘Subjects . . . Unto the Same King’: New England Indians and the Use of Royal Political Power,” Massachusetts Historical Review 5 (2003), 29-57

 

Worldviews of New England

 

James Axtell, “Were Indian Conversions Bona Fide?” in After Columbus: Essays in the Ethnohistory of Colonial North America, 100-24

Elise Brenner, “To Pray or to Be Prey: That is the Question: Strategies for Cultural Autonomy of Massachusetts Praying Town Indians,” Ethnohistory 27 (1980) 135-152

Anne S. Brown and David D. Hall, “Family Strategies and Religious Practice: Baptism and the Lord’s Supper in Early New England,” in Lived Religion in America, ed. David D. Hall, 41-68

George R. Hamell, “Mythical Realities and European Contact in the Northeast during the 16th and 17th Centuries,” Man in the Northeast 33 (1987), 63-87

Daniel Mandell, “‘To Live More Like My Christian English Neighbors,’” William and Mary Quarterly 48 (1991), 552-79

James P. Ronda, “Generations of Faith: The Christian Indians of Martha’s Vineyard,” William and Mary Quarterly 38 (1991), 369-94

Neal Salisbury, “Red Puritans: The ‘Praying Indians’ of Massachusetts Bay and John Eliot,” William and Mary Quarterly 31 (1974), 27-54

Harold W. Van Lonkhuyzen, “A Reappraisal of the Praying Indians: Acculturation, Conversion, and Identity at Natick, Massachusetts, 1646-1730,” New England Quarterly 63 (1990), 396-428

 

 

*Week 6/September 30: Blessed Be the Indians

 

Core Reading:  Allan Greer, Mohawk Saint: Catherine Tekakwitha and the Jesuits

 

Secondary Readings:

 

Other Tekakwitha Interpretations

 

K. I. Koppedrayer, “The Making of the First Iroquois Virgin: Early Jesuit Biographies of the Blessed Kateri Tekakwitha,” Ethnohistory 40 (1993): 277-306

Nancy Shoemaker, “Kateri Tekakwitha’s Tortuous Path to Sainthood,” in Negotiators of Change, 49-71

 

Iroquois, Indian Women

 

David Blanchard, “. . . To the Other Side of the Sky: Catholicism at Kahnawake, 1667-1701,” Anthropologica 24 (1982), 77-102

Judith K. Brown, “Economic Organization and the Position of Women among the Iroquois,” Ethnohistory 17 (1970), 151-67

Kathleen M. Brown, “The Anglo-Algonquian Gender Frontier,” in Negotiators of Change, ed. Nancy Shoemaker, 26-48

George R. Hamell, “The Iroquois and the World’s Rim: Speculations on Color, Culture, and Contact,” American Indian Quarterly 16 (1992), 451-69

Theda Perdue, “Columbus Meets Pocahontas in the American South,” Southern Cultures 3, 1 (1997), 4-21

Daniel K. Richter, “Iroquois vs. Iroquois: Jesuit Missions and Christianity in Village Politics, 1642-1686,” Ethnohistory 22 (1985): 1-16

Nancy Shoemaker, “The Rise or Fall of Iroquois Women,” Journal of Women’s History 2 (Winter 1991), 39-57

Natalie Zemon Davis, “Iroquois Women, European Women,” in Margo Hendricks and Patricia Parker, eds., Women, “Race,” and Writing in the Early Modern Period, 243-58

 

Missions and Missionaries

 

Takao Abé, “What Determined the Content of Missionary Reports? The Jesuit Relations Compared with the Iberian Jesuit Accounts,” French Colonial History 3 (2003): 69-83

James Axtell, “The Invasion Within: The Contest of Cultures,” in Natives and Newcomers, 145-73 or in The European and the Indian, 39-86

Carol Devens, “Separate Confrontations: Gender as a Factor in Indian Adaptation to European Colonization in New France,” American Quarterly 38 (1986), 461-80

Peter Dorsey, “Going to School with Savages: Authorship and Authority among the Jesuits of New France,” William and Mary Quarterly 55 (1998): 399-420

Rebecca Kugel, “Of Missionaries and their Cattle: Ojibwa Perceptions of a Missionary as Evil Shaman,” Ethnohistory 41 (1994) 227-44

Tracy Neal Leavelle, “‘Bad Things’ and ‘Good Hearts’: Mediation, Meaning, and the Language of Illinois Christianity,” Church History 76 (2007), 363-94

Kenneth M. Morrison, “Baptism and Alliance: The Symbolic Mediation of Religious Syncretism,” Ethnohistory 37 (1990), 416-37

Daniel K. Richter, Facing East from Indian Country: A Native History of Early America, chp. 4, 110-50

James P. Ronda, “The Sillery Experiment: A Jesuit-Indian Village in New France, 1637-1668,” American Indian Culture and Research Journal 3 (1979), 1-18

Susan Sleeper-Smith, “Women, Kin, and Catholicism: New Perspectives on the Fur Trade,” Ethnohistory 47 (2000), 423-52

 

 

III.       Society & Community

 

Week 7/October 7:  Into the Pennsylvania Woods

 

Core Reading:  Jane Merritt, At the Crossroads: Indians and Empires on a Mid-Atlantic Frontier, 1700-1763

 

Secondary Readings:

 

Views of the “Self” and “Other”

 

James Axtell, “Through Another Glass Darkly:  Early Indian Views of Europeans,” in After Columbus: Essays in the Ethnohistory of Colonial North America, 125-43

Joyce E. Chaplin, “Natural Philosophy and an Early Racial Idiom in North America; Comparing English and Indian Bodies,” William and Mary Quarterly 54 (1997), 229-52

Kathleen Brown, “Native Americans and Early Modern Concepts of Race,” in Empire and Others, eds. Martin Daunton and Rick Halpern, 79-100

Gunlög Fur, “‘Some Women Are Wiser than Some Men’: Gender and Native American History,” in Clearing a Path: Theorizing the Past in Native American Studies, ed. Nancy Shoemaker, 75-103

Karen Ordahl Kupperman, “Presentment of Civility: English Reading of American Self-Presentation in the Early Years of Colonization,” William and Mary Quarterly 54 (1997): 193-228

Daniel K. Richter, “‘Believing that Many of the Red People Suffer Much for the Want of Food’: Hunting, Agriculture, and a Quaker Construction of Indianness in the Early Republic,” Journal of the Early Republic 19 (1999), 601-28

Amy C. Schutt, “Tribal Identity in the Moravian Missions on the Susquehanna,” Pennsylvania History 66 (1999), 378-98

Nancy Shoemaker, “How Indians Got to Be Red,” American Historical Review 102 (1997), pp. 625-44

Richard White, “‘Although I am dead, I am not entirely dead, I have left a second of myself’: Self and Persons on the Middle Ground of Early America,” in Ronald Hoffman, et al., eds., Through a Glass Darkly: Reflections on Personal Identity in Early America, 404-418

 

Interactions in Northeastern Frontiers

 

Colin G. Calloway, “Neither White Nor Red: White Renegades on the American Indian Frontier,” Western Historical Quarterly 17 (1986), 43-66

Alfred A. Cabe, “The Delaware Prophet Neolin: A Reappraisal,” Ethnohistory 46 (199), 265-90

John Mack Faragher, “‘More Motley than Mackinaw’: From Ethnic Mixing to Ethnic Cleansing on the Frontier of the Lower Missouri, 1783-1833,” in Contact Points: American Frontiers from the Mohawk Valley to the Mississippi, 1750-1830, eds. Andrew R. L. Cayton and Fredrika J. Teute, 304-26

Nancy Hagedorn, “‘A Friend to Go between Them’: The Interpreter as Cultural Broker during the Anglo-Iroquois Councils, 1740-1770,” Ethnohistory 35 (1988), 60-80

James Merrell, “The Indians’ New World: The Catawba Experience,” William and Mary Quarterly 3d ser. 41 (1984), 537-65

James H. Merrell, “Shamokin, ‘the very seat of the Prince of darkness’: Unsettling the Early American Frontier,” in Contact Points: American Frontiers from the Mohawk Valley to the Mississippi, 1750-1830, eds. Andrew R. L. Cayton and Fredrika J. Teute, 16-59

Jay Miller, “The Delaware as Women: A Symbolic Solution,” American Ethnologist 1 (1974), 507-514

Daniel K. Richter, “‘Some of Them . . . Would Always Have a Minister with Them’: Mohawk Protestantism, 1683-1719,” American Indian Quarterly 16 (1992), 471-84

Timothy J. Shannon, “Dressing for Success on the Mohawk Frontier: Hendrick, William Johnson, and the Indian Fashion,” William and Mary Quarterly 53 (1996), 13-42

Thomas J. Sugrue, “The Peopling and Depeopling of Early Pennsylvania: Indians and Colonists, 1680-1720,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 116 (1992), 3-31

 

 

Week 8/October 14:  A Little Commonwealth

 

Core Reading:  Joshua Piker, Okfuskee: A Creek Indian Town in Colonial America

 

Secondary reading:

 

Overview

 

Frederick Hoxie, “Ethnohistory for a Tribal World,” Ethnohistory 44 (1997), 595-615

James H. Merrell, “Some Thoughts on Colonial Historians and American Indians,” William and Mary Quarterly 46 (1989), 94-119

Gregory Nobles, “Breaking into the Backcountry: New Approaches to the Early American Frontier,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3d ser., 46 (1989), 641-70

Darrett B. Rutman, “Assessing the Little Communities of Early America,” William and Mary Quarterly 43 (1986), 163-78

 

Society and Economy

 

Kathryn E. Holland Braund, “Guardians of Tradition and Handmaidens to Change: Women’s Roles in Creek Economic and Social Life during the 18th Century,” American Indian Quarterly 14 (1990), 239-58

Eric Hinderaker, “The ‘Four Indian Kings’ and the Imaginative Construction of the First British Empire,” William and Mary Quarterly 53 (1996), 487-526

Knight, Vernon James, Jr., “The Formation of the Creeks,” in The Forgotten Centuries: Indians and Europeans in the American South, eds. Charles Hudson and Carmen Chaves Tesser, 373-92

George E. Lankford, “Red and White: Some Reflections on Southeastern Symbolism,” Southern Folklore 50 (1993), 53-80

Christopher L. Miller and George R. Hamell, “A New Perspective on Indian-White Contact: Cultural Symbols and Colonial Trade,” Journal of American History, 73 (1986), 311-28

Claudio Saunt, “Taking Account of Property: Stratification among the Creek Indians in the Early 19th Century,” William and Mary Quarterly 57 (2000), 733-60

Timothy Silver, A New Face on the Countryside: Indians, Colonists, and Slaves in South Atlantic Forests, 67-103

Daniel H. Usner, Jr., “The Frontier Exchange Economy of the Lower Mississippi Valley in the Eighteenth Century,” William and Mary Quarterly 3d ser. 44 (1987), 165-92

 

Cultural Exchange in the Southeast

 

Kathryn E. Holland Braund, Deerskins & Duffels: The Creek Indian Trade with Anglo-America, 139-64

Verner W. Crane, chp. 5 of The Southern Frontier, 1670-1732, 108-36

Patricia Galloway, “‘So Many Little Republics’: British Negotiations with the Choctaw Confederacy, 1765,” Ethnohistory 41 (1994), 513-37

Greg O’Brien, “The Conqueror Meets the Unconquered: Negotiating Cultural Boundaries on the Post-Revolution Southern Frontier,” Journal of Southern History 67 (2002), 39-72

Claudio Saunt, “‘The English Has Now a Mind to Make Slaves of Them All’: Creeks, Seminoles, and the Problem of Slavery,” American Indian Quarterly 22 (1998), 157-180

Nathaniel Sheidley, “Hunting and the Politics of Masculinity in Cherokee Treaty-Making, 1763-1775,” in Empire and Others, eds. Martin Daunton and Rick Halpern, 167-85

Gregory A. Waselkov & John W. Cottier, “European Perceptions of Eastern Muskogean Ethnicity,” Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the French Colonial Historical Society 10 (1984), 23-45

Peter H. Wood, "The Changing Population of the Colonial South: An Overview by Race and Region, 1685-1790," in Powhatan’s Mantle: Indians in the Colonial Southeast, eds., Peter H. Wood, Gregory A. Waselkov, and M. Thomas Hatley, 35-103

 

 

Week 9/October 21:  Méstizaje and the People In Between

 

Core Reading:  James F. Brooks, Captives and Cousins: Slavery, Kinship, and Community in the Southwest Borderlands

 

Secondary Readings:

 

Spanish-Indian Collisions

 

Ana María Alonso, Thread of Blood: Colonialism, Revolution, and Gender on Mexico’s Northern Frontier, 21-50

Christon I. Archer, “The Deportation of Barbarian Indians from the Internal Provinces of New Spain, 1789-1810,” the Americas 29 (January 1973), 376-85

Juliana Barr, “From Captives to Slaves: Commodifying Indian Women in the Borderlands,” Journal of American History 92 (2005), 19-46

Ned Blackhawk, “The Displacement of Violence: Ute Diplomacy and the Making of New Mexico’s 18th-Century Northern Borderlands,” Ethnohistory 54 (2007), 723-55

Oakah L. Jones, Jr., “Rescue and Ransom of Spanish Captives from the indios bárbaros on the Northern Frontier of New Spain,” Colonial Latin American Historical Review 4 (Spring 1995), 129-148

Max L. Moorhead, “Spanish Deportation of Hostile Apaches: The Policy and the Practice,” Arizona and the West 17 (Autumn 1975), 205-220

 

Gender, Honor, and Authority

 

Mark A. Burkholder, “Honor and Honors in Colonial Spanish America,” in Lyman L. Johnson and Sonya Lipsett-Rivera, eds., The Faces of Honor: Sex, Shame, and Violence in Colonial Latin America, 18-44

Antonia I. Castañeda, “Sexual Violence in the Politics and Policies of Conquest: Amerindian Women and the Spanish Conquest of Alta California” in Adela de la Torre and Beatríz M. Pesquera, eds., Building with Our Hands:  New Directions in Chicana Studies  

Ramón A. Gutiérrez, “A Gendered History of the Conquest of America: A View from New Mexico,” in Richard C. Trexler, ed., Gender Rhetorics: Postures of Dominance and Submission in History, 47-63

Ramón A. Gutiérrez, When Jesus Came, the Cornmothers Went Away: Marriage, Sexuality, and Power in New Mexico, 1500-1846, 176-206 

Orlando Patterson, Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study, 77-101

Stephanie Wood, “Sexual Violation in the Conquest of the Americas,” in Merril D. Smith, ed., Sex and Sexuality in Early America, 9-34

 

Cultural Intermixture and Identity

 

Richard Boyer, “Honor Among Plebeians: Mala Sangre and Social Reputation,” in Lyman L. Johnson and

Sonya Lipsett-Rivera, eds., The Faces of Honor: Sex, Shame, and Violence in Colonial Latin America, 152-178

Adrian Bustamante, “‘The Matter Was Never Resolved’: The Casta System in Colonial New Mexico, 1693-1823,” New Mexico Historical Review 66 (April 1991), 143-164

R. Douglas Cope, The Limits of Racial Domination: Plebeian Society in Colonial Mexico City, 1660-1720, 49-67

Gary B. Nash, “The Hidden History of Mestizo America,” in Martha Hodes, ed., Sex, Love, Race: Crossing

Boundaries in North American History, 10-32

Karen Vieira Powers, “Conquering Discourses of ‘Sexual Conquest’: Of Women, Language, and Mestizaje,” Colonial Latin American Review 11 (2002), 7-32

Daniel K. Richter, “War and Culture: The Iroquois Experience,” William and Mary Quarterly 40 (1983), 528-59

Peter Stern, “Marginals and Acculturation in Frontier Society,” in Robert H. Jackson, ed., New Views of

Borderlands History, 157-188

 

 

IV.       Political Economy & Institutions

 

Week 10/October 28: The Mission as a Frontier Institution

 

Core Reading:  Steven Hackel, Children of Coyote, Missionaries of Saint Francis: Indian-Spanish Relations in Colonial California, 1769-1850

 

Secondary Readings:

 

Overview

 

Steve J. Stern, “Paradigms of Conquest; History, Historiography, and Politics,” Journal of Latin American Studies 24 Quincentenary Supplement (1992): 1-34

José Cuello, “Beyond the ‘Borderlands’ Is the North of Colonial Mexico: A Latin-Americanist Perspective to the Study of the Mexican North and the United States Southwest,” in Proceedings of the Pacific Coast Council on Latin American Studies, vol. 9, ed. Kristyna P. Demaree

David Sweet, “The Ibero-American Frontier Mission in Native American History,” in The New Latin American Mission History, ed. Erick Langer & Robert H. Jackson, 1-48

 

Indians, Demography, and Spanish Missions

 

Herbert Eugene Bolton, “The Mission as Frontier Institution in the Spanish American Colonies,” American Historical Review 22 (1917), 42-61

Edward Castillo, “Gender Status Decline, Resistance, Accommodation among Female Neophytes in the Missions of California: A San Gabriel Case Study,” American Indian Culture and Research Journal 18 (1994), 67-93

Albert Crosby, “Virgin Soil Epidemics as a Factor in the Aboriginal Depopulation in America,” William and Mary Quarterly 33 (1976), 289-99

Albert Hurtado, “Sexuality in California’s Franciscan Missions: Cultural Perceptions and Sad Realities,” California History 71 (1992), 371-85

David S. Jones, “Virgin Soils Revisited,” William and Mary Quarterly 60 (2003), 703-42

William L. Preston, “Portents of Plague from California’s Protohistoric Period,” Ethnohistory 49 (2002), 69-121

Daniel T. Reff, “The Jesuit Mission Frontier in Comparative Perspective: The Reductions of the Río de la Plata and the Missions of Northwestern Mexico, 1588-1700,” in Contested Ground: Comparative Frontiers on the Northern and Southern Edges of the Spanish Empire, eds. Donna Guy and Thomas Sheridan, 16-31

James A. Sandos, “Between Crucifix and Lance: Indian-White Relations in California, 1769-1848,” California History 76 (1997), 196-229

 

Economy, Labor, and Markets

 

Brooke S. Arkush, “Yokuts Trade Networks and Native Culture Change in Central and Eastern California,” Ethnohistory 40 (1993), 619-40

José Cuello, “The Persistence of Indian Slavery and Encomienda in the Northeast of Colonial Mexico, 1577-1723,” Journal of Social History 21 (Summer 1988), 683-700

Susan M. Deeds, “Rural Work in Nueva Vizcaya: Forms of Labor Coercion on the Periphery,” Hispanic American Historical Review 69 (August 1989), 425-449

David Hornbeck, “Economic Growth and Change at the Missions of Alta California, 1769-1846,” in Columbian Consequences, vol. 1, ed. David Hurst Thomas, 423-33

William Mason, “Indian-Mexican Cultural Exchange in the Los Angeles Area, 1781-1834,” Aztlan 15 (1984), 123-44

George Harwood Phillips, “Indians in Los Angeles, 1781-1875: Economic Integration, Social Disintegration,” Pacific Historical Review 49 (1980), 427-51

 

 

Week 11/November 4: Multicultural Markets

 

Core Reading:  Daniel Usner, Indians, Settlers, and Slaves in a Frontier Exchange Economy: The Lower Mississippi Valley before 1783

 

Secondary Readings:

 

Overview

 

Donald J. Lemieux, “The Mississippi Valley, New France, and French Colonial Policy,” Southern Studies 17 (1978), 39-56

Russell R. Menard, “Economic and Social Development of the South,” in The Cambridge Economic History of the United States, vol. 1, eds. Stanley L. Engerman and Robert E. Gallman 249-296

Gregory Nobles, “Breaking into the Backcountry: New Approaches to the Early American Frontier,” William and Mary Quarterly 46 (1989), 641-70

 

Patterns of Economic Interaction

 

John G. Clark, New Orleans, 1718-1812: An Economic History, 126-148

Gilbert C. Din, “The Spanish Fort on the Arkansas, 1763-1803,” Arkansas Historical Quarterly 42 (1983), 271-293

James T. McGowan, “Planters without Slaves: Origins of a New World Labor System,” Southern Studies 16 (1977), 5-26

Peter C. Mancall, “‘The Bewitching Tyranny of Custom’: The Social Costs of Indian Drinking in Colonial America,” American Indian Culture and Research Journal 17 (1993), 15-42

Michael Merrill, “Putting ‘Capitalism’ in Its Place: A Review of Recent Literature,” William and Mary Quarterly 52 (1995), 315-26                         

Timothy Silver, A New Face on the Countryside: Indians, Colonists, and Slaves in South Atlantic Forests, 1500-1800, 67-103

Gregory Waselkov, “Evolution of Deer Hunting in the Eastern Woodlands,” Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 3 (1978), 15-34

Stephen Webre, “The Problem of Indian Slavery in Spanish Louisiana, 1769-1803,” Louisiana History 25 (1984), 117-135

Bruce M. White, “Encounters with Spirits: Ojibwa and Dakota Theories regarding the French and their Merchandise,” Ethnohistory 41 (1994), 369-405

 

Exchange in the Southeast

 

James Axtell, “Making Do,” chp. 3 in The Indians’ New South: Cultural Change in the Colonial Southeast, 45-71

Emanuel Johannes Drechsel, “Towards an Ethnohistory of Speaking: The Case of Mobilian Jargon, an American Indian Pidgin of the Lower Mississippi Valley,” Ethnohistory 30 (1983), 165-176

Lawrence Kinnaird and Lucia B. Kinnaird, “Choctaws West of the Mississippi, 1766-1800,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly 83 (1979-1980), 349-370

James Merrell, “The Racial Education of the Catawbas,” Journal of Southern History 50 (1984), 363-84

Daniel H. Usner, Jr., “‘The Facility Offered by the Country’: The Creolization of Agriculture in the Lower Mississippi Valley,” in David Buisseret, et al, eds., Creolization in the Americas, 35-62

Patricia D. Woods, “The French and the Natchez Indians in Louisiana: 1700-1731,” Louisiana History 19 (1978), 413-35

 

 

*Week 12/November 11:  VETERAN’S DAY, NO CLASS

 

 

V.        Revolutions & Transitions

 

Week 13/November 18: Living the Vie de le Pays d'en Haut

 

Core Reading:  Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815  (only pp. 1-365)

 

Secondary Readings:

 

Overviews

 

Daniel K. Richter, Facing East from Indian Country, chp. 6, 189-236

Daniel K. Ritcher, “Native Peoples of North America and the Eighteenth-Century British Empire,” in William Roger Louis, ed., The Oxford History of the British Empire, vol. 2, 347-371           

 

Backcountry Trade, Diplomacy & War

 

Heidi Bohaker, “The Significance of Algonquian Kinship Networks in the Eastern Great Lakes Region, 1600-1701,” William and Mary Quarterly 63 (2006), 23-52

Gregory E. Dowd, “The French King Wakes Up in Detroit: ‘Pontiac’s War’ in Rumor and History,” Ethnohistory 34 (1990), 254-278

Gregory E. Dowd, “‘Insidious Friends’: Gift Giving and the Cherokee-British Alliance in the Seven Years’ War,” in Andrew R. L. Cayton and Fredrika J. Teute, eds., Contact Points: American Frontiers from the Mohawk Valley to the Mississippi, 1750-1830, 114-150

Elizabeth A. Fenn, “Biological Warfare in Eighteenth-Century North America: Beyond Jeffrey Amherst,” Journal of American History 86 (2000), 1552-1580

Jeanne Kay, “The Fur Trade and Native American Population Growth,” Ethnohistory 31 (1984), 265-87

Michael N. McConnell, A Country Between: The Upper Ohio Valley and Its People, 1724-1774, 89-112

Elizabeth A. Perkins, “Distinctions and Partitions amongst Us: Identity and Interaction in the Revolutionary Ohio Valley,” in Andrew R. L. Cayton and Fredrika J. Teute, eds., Contact Points: American Frontiers from the Mohawk Valley to the Mississippi, 1750-1830, 205-234

Michael Witgen, “The Rituals of Possession: Native Identity and the Invention of Empire in 17th-Century Western North America,” Ethnohistory 54 (2007), 639-68

 

Native American Revolutions

 

Colin G. Calloway, The American Revolution in Indian Country: Crisis and Diversity in Native American Communities, 26-64

Colin G. Calloway, “‘We Have Always Been the Frontier’: The American Revolution in Shawnee Country,” American Indian Quarterly 16 (1992), 39-52

Ed Countryman, “Indians, the Colonial Order, and the Social Significance of the American Revolution,” William and Mary Quarterly 53 (1996), 341-62

Gregory E. Dowd, “Thinking and Believing: Nativism and Unity in the Ages of Pontiac and Tecumseh,” American Indian Quarterly 16 (1992), 309-335

M. Thomas Hatley, Dividing Paths: Cherokees and South Carolinians through the Era of Revolution, 191-228

Francis Jennings, “The Indians’ Revolution,” in Alfred F. Young, ed., The American Revolution: Explorations in the History of American Radicalism, 319-348

Joel W. Martin, Sacred Revolt: The Muskogees’ Struggle for a New World, 112-132

James H. Merrell, “Declarations of Independence: Indian-White Relations in the New Nation,” in Jack P. Greene, ed., The American Revolution: Its Character and Limits, 197-223

 

 

*Week 14/December 2:  In Plain Sight

 

Core Reading:  Susan Sleeper-Smith, Indian Women and French Men: Rethinking Cultural Encounters in the Western Great Lakes

 

Secondary Readings:

 

Women in the Middle

 

Carl J. Ekberg, “Marie Rouensa-8cate8a and the Foundations of French Illinois,” Illinois Historical Journal 84 (Autumn 1991), 146-160

Richard Godbeer, “Eroticizing the Middle Ground: Anglo-Indian Sexual Relations along the 18th-Century Frontier,” in Sex, Love, Race: Crossing Boundaries in North American History, ed. Martha Hodes, 91-111

Lucy Eldersveld Murphy, “To Live Among Us: Accommodation, Gender, and Conflict in the Western Great

Lakes Region, 1760-1832,” in Contact Points: American Frontiers from the Mohawk Valley to the Mississippi, 1750-1830, eds. Andrew R. L. Cayton and Fredrika J. Teute, 270-303

Sylvia Van Kirk, “The Role of Native American Women in the Fur Trade Society of Western Canada, 1670-1830,” Frontiers 7 (1984)

Bruce M. White, “The Woman Who Married a Beaver: Trade Patterns and Gender Roles in the Ojibwa Fur Trade,” Ethnohistory 46 (Winter 1999), 109-47

 

Society and Culture

 

Winstanley Briggs, “Le Pays des Illinois,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3d ser. 47 (1990), 30-57

Carl A. Brasseaux, “The Moral Climate of French Colonial Louisiana, 1699-1763,” Louisiana History 27 (Winter 1986), 27-41

Gilles Paquet and Jean-Pierre Wallot, “Nouvelle-France/Québec/Canada: A World of Limited Identities,” in Colonial Identity in the Atlantic World, 1500-1800, eds., Nicholas Canny and Anthony Pagden, 95-114

Jacqueline Peterson, “Prelude to Red River: A Social Portrait of the Great Lakes Métis,” Ethnohistory 25 (1978), 41-67

Jennifer Spear, “‘They Need Wives’: Métissage and the Regulation of Sexuality in French Louisiana, 1699-1730,” in Martha Hodes, ed., Sex, Love, Race: Crossing Boundaries in North American History, 35-59

Helen Hornbeck Tanner, “The Glaize in 1792: A Composite Indian Community,” Ethnohistory 25 (1978), 15-39

 

Cross-Cultural Relations

 

Olive Dickason, “From ‘One Nation’ in the Northeast to ‘New Nation’ in the Northwest: A Look at the Emergence of the Métis,” American Indian Culture and Research Journal 6 (1982), 1-21

Cornelius Jaenen, “Characteristics of French-Amerindian Contact in New France,” in Essays on the History of North American Discovery and Exploration, eds. Stanley Palmer and Dennis Reinholtz, 79-101

Jacqueline Peterson, “Ethnogenesis: The Settlement and Growth of a New People in the Great Lakes Region, 1702-1815,” American Indian Culture and Research Journal 6 (1982), 23-64

Brett Rushforth, “‘A Little Flesh We Offer You’: The Origins of Indian Slavery in New France,” William and Mary Quarterly 3rd ser. 60 (October 2003), 777-808

Gordon M. Sayre, Les Sauvages Américains: Representations of Native Americans in French and English Colonial Literature, chp. 4, 144-217

Tanis C. Thorne, The Many Hands of My Relations: French and Indians on the Lower Missouri, chp. 1, 13-63

Joseph Zitomersky, “The Form and Function of French-Native American Relations in Early 18th-Century French Colonial Louisiana” in Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the French Colonial Historical Society, 15 (1989), 154-77

 

 

Week 15/December 9:  Blood Will Tell, or Will It?

 

Core Reading:  Circe Sturm, Blood Politics: Race, Culture, and Identity in the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma

 

Secondary Readings:

 

Thomas C. Holt, “Marking Race, Race-making, and the Writing of History,” American Historical Review 100 (1995), 1-20

Frederick Hoxie, “Retrieving the Red Continent: Settler Colonialism and the History of American Indians in the U.S.,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 31 (2008), 1153-67

Claudio Saunt, “Telling Stories: The Political Uses of Myth and History in the Cherokee and Creek Nations,” Journal of American History 93 (2006), 673-97

 

Indians and Slavery

 

Kathryn E. Holland Braund, “The Creek Indians, Blacks, and Slavery,” Journal of Southern History 57 (1991), 601-36

Jack Forbes, Africans and Native Americans: The Language of Race and the Evolutino of Red-Black Peoples, chp. 2, 26-64

William G. McLoughlin, “Red Indians, Black Slavery, and White Racism: America’s Slaveholding Indians,” American Quarterly 26 (1974), 366-83

James Merrell, “The Racial Education of the Catawbas,” Journal of Southern History 50 (1984): 363-84

Theda Perdue, Slavery and the Evolution of Cherokee Society, 1540-1866, chp. 2, 19-35

Theda Perdue, Slavery and the Evolution of Cherokee Society, 1540-1866, chp. 4, 50-69

Claudio Saunt, “The Paradox of Freedom: Tribal Sovereignty and Emancipation during the Reconstruction of Indian Territory,” Journal of Southern History 70 (2004), 63-94

Mary Young, “The Cherokee Nation: Mirror of the Republic,” American Quarterly 33 (1981), 502-24

 

Conceptions of “Race”

 

W. David Baird, “Are There ‘Real’ Indians in Oklahoma? Historical Perceptions of the Five Civilized Tribes,” Chronicles of Oklahoma 68 (1990), 4-23

David L. Beaulieu, “Curly Hair and Big Feet: Physical Anthropology and the Implementation of Land Allotment on the White Earth Chippewa Reservation,” American Indian Quarterly 8 (1984), 281-314

William T. Hagan, “Full-Blood, Mixed-Blood, Generic, and Ersatz: The Problem of Indian Identity,” Arizona and the West 27 (1985), 309-26

Joel W. Martin, “‘My Grandmother Was a Cherokee Princess’: Representations of Indians in Southern History,” in Dressing in Feathers: The Construction of the Indian in American Popular Culture, ed. S. Elizabeth Bird, 129-48

William G. McLoughlin and Walter H. Conser, Jr., “‘The First Man Was Red’: Cherokee Responses to the Debate Over Indian Origins, 1760-1860,” American Quarterly 41 (1989), 243-64

Theda Perdue, “Mixed Blood” Indians: Racial Construction in the Early South, chp. 2, 33-69

Theda Perdue, “Mixed Blood” Indians: Racial Construction in the Early South, chp. 3, 70-103

Nancy Shoemaker, “Categories,” in Clearing a Path: Theorizing the Past in Native American Studies, 51-74

C. Matthew Snipp, “Some Observations About Racial Boundaries and the Experiences of American Indians,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 20 (1997), 667-89

Pauline Strong and Barrik Van Winkle, “‘Indian Blood’: Reflections on the reckoning and Refiguring of Native North American Identity,” Cultural Anthropology 11 (1996), 547-76

William S. Willis, “Divide and Rule: Red, White, and Black in the Southeast,” Journal of Negro History 48 (1963), 157-86

 

 

Week 16/December 16:  Imperium Comanche

 

Core Reading:  Pekka Hämäläinen, The Comanche Empire

 

Secondary Readings:

 

Overview

 

James A. Hijiya, “Why the West Is Lost,” William and Mary Quarterly 51 (19940, 276-92

Elliott West, “Reconstructing Race,” Western Historical Quarterly 34 (2003), 7-26

 

Raiding Economies and Power

 

James F. Brooks, “Served Well By Plunder: La Gran Ladronería and producers of History Astride the Rio Grande,” American Quarterly 52 (2000), 23-58

Brian DeLay, “Independent Indians and the U.S.-Mexican War,” American Historical Review 112 (2007), 35-68

Elizabeth A. H. John, “Nurturing the Peace: Spanish and Comanche Cooperation in the Early 19th Century,” New Mexico Historical Review 59 (1984), 345-69

Kristine L. Jones, “Comparative Raiding Economies: North and South,” in Donna J. Guy and Thomas E. Sheridan, eds., Contested Ground: Comparative Frontiers on the Northern and Southern Edges of the Spanish Empire, 97-114

Nicolay N. Kradin, “Nomadism, Evolution, and World-Systems: Pastoral Societies in Theories of Historical Development,” Journal of World-Systems Research 8 (2002), 368-88

Curtis Marez, “Signifying Spain, Becoming Comanche, Making Mexicans: Indian Captivity and the History of Chicana/o Performance,” American Quarterly 53 (2001), 267-307

William L. Merrill, “Cultural Creativity and Raiding Bands in Eighteenth-Century Northern New Spain,” in William B. Taylor and Franklin Pease, eds., Violence, Resistance, and Survival in the Americas: Native Americans and the Legacy of Conquest, 124-152

Andrés Reséndez, “National Identity on a Shifting Border: Texas and New Mexico in the Age of Transition, 1821-1848,” Journal of American History 86 (1999), 668-97

David J. Weber, “Bourbons and Bárbaros: Center and Periphery in the Reshaping of Spanish Indian Policy,” in Negotiated Empires: Centers and Peripheries in the Americas, 1500-1820, eds. Christine Daniels and Michael V. Kennedy, 79-103

 

The Plains

 

Patricia C. Albers, “Symbiosis, Merger, and War: Contrasting Forms of Intertribal Relationship among Historical Plains Indians,” in Political Economy of North American Indians, ed. John H. Moore, 93-132

Dan Flores, “Bison Ecology and Bison Diplomacy: The Southern Plains from 1800 to 1850,” Journal of American History 78 (1991), 465-485

Dan Flores, “Bringing Home All the Pretty Horses: the Horse Trade and the Early American West, 1775-1825,” Montana: The Magazine of Western History 58 (2008), 3-21

Daniel Gelo, “‘Comanche Land and Ever has Been’: A Native Geography of the 19th-Comanchería,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly 103 (2000), 272-307

David D. Smits, “The Frontier Army and the Destruction of the Buffalo, 1865-1883,” Western Historical Quarterly 25 (1994), 313-38

Michael L. Tate, “Comanche Captives: People between Two Worlds,” Chronicles of Oklahoma 72 (1994), 228-63

David J. Weber, “American Westward Expansion and the Breakdown of Relations between Pobladores and ‘Indios Bárbaros’ on Mexico’s Far Northern Frontier,” New Mexico Historical Review 56 (1981), 221-38

Richard White, “The Winning of the West: The Expansion of the Western Sioux in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries,” Journal of American History 65 (September 1978), 319-343