colonia: a settlement of Roman citizens in a newly
conquered
territory
early modern usages: "settlements of farmers or cultivators... by extension, agricultural settlers in a new place... places outside Europe to which European migrants moved in significant numbers"; root word: colere (to cultivate or farm in Latin)
modern usages: "conquered territories of white settlement; all areas subject to formal political rule or control by other (usu European) states"
JGA Pocock ["The New
British History in Atlantic Perspective," 499]
"a settlement established by emigration. It is by metaphor, and
not particularly happily, that the term has been transformed to the
case of indigenous populations subject to alien empire"
Stephen Howe [Ireland and Empire, Ch 1]
"a set of political systems involving conquest and rule by a state over other, previously independent and usually distant territories"
Patricia Seed [Ceremonies of Possession, 179]
At the heart of European colonialisms were
distinctive sets of expressive acts – planting hedges, marching in
ceremonial
processions, measuring the stars – using cultural signs to establish
what
European societies considered to be legitimate dominion over the
Edward Said
[Said,
1993, in Ashcroft, 46]
“almost always a consequence of
imperialism, [colonialism] is the implanting of settlements on distant
territory”; part of the practice of establishing or extending an empire
"at its most powerful, colonialism is a process of radical
dispossession"
Declan Kiberd
[Inventing Ireland, 5]
“colonialism” is more specific than imperialism; it
“involves the planting of settlers in a land thus seized, for the
purpose of
expropriating its wealth and for the promotion of the occupiers’ trade
and
culture”
COLONIZATION
Jurgen Osterhammel [Colonialism:
A Theoretical Overview, ]:
1. Total migration of entire populations and societies
2. Mass individual migration
3. Border colonization
4. Overseas settlement colonization
5. Empire-building wars of conquest (colonial rule without
colonization, i.e.,
6. Construction of naval networks
EMPIRE
a
system of political control imposed by a metropolitan power on a number
of
subordinate (peripheral) societies that lay outside the geographic
boundaries
of the metropolitan nation; the
metropolitan power exerts control over its colonies through direct and
indirect
methods for a variety of commercial, military, strategic, and social
reasons
Anthony Pagden [Peoples and
Empires, xxi-xxii]
the term empire "suggests the ruthless exploitation of largely
defenseless, technologically sophisticated ones... conjures up images
of the Third Reich or Stalinist Russia, where oppressor and oppressed
come from much the same kind of cultures, and possess much the same
kind of technologies"; "empires represented as a mode of
political oppression, a denial by one people of the rights--above all
the right to self-determination--of countless others"
"in some sense artificial creations"; created by conquest; the
conquered kept in subservience by a mixture of simple force and some
kind of ideology (Rome: civilization; Spanish, French, British:
civilization
+ christianity; Ottoman: Islam; Soviet Union: Marxism); assumption that
the ruled would rise up and drive out their conquerors; much of this is
true, but "what we choose to call empires have not only varied greatly
from place to place and time to time, they have also marked the lives
of those whom they involved in sometimes radically different ways"
[further details]
the terms empire, emporer, and imperialism all derive from
"imperium", [xxii] which indicated supreme power involving both
command in war and the magistrate's right to execute the law; a
term that is very closely linked to the legacy of the Roman Empire;
until the 18th c, it meant little more than sovereignty; but since the
days of the Roman Republic it has also meant government over vast
territories
David Armitage ["Greater Britain,"
427-8]
“imposed
"Empire was not a singular place, but a set of geographical and
cultural
spaces. To borrow from Gyan Prakash’s
definition of the
Shula Marks
["History, the Nation, and the Empire," 117]
"British nationhood was built up through
empire-and that has to do with exploitation and expropriation as well
as
appropriation and a sense of mission, with ideals of manliness and
respectability and a corroding and pervasive racism from at least the
eighteenth century."
Patrick
Brantlinger [Rule of Darkness,
34]
"Empire involved military conquest and
rapacious economic exploitation, but it also involved the enactment of
often
idealistic although nonetheless authoritarian schemes of cultural
domination."
Patrick Wolfe
["History and Imperialism," 388, 403]
interchangeable with colonialism and reducible
to the word “empire”; "In its stricter Marxist-Leninist applications,
the word dates from the end of the nineteenth century and minimally
connotes the use of state power to secure (or, at least, to attempt to
secure) economic monopolies for national companies. On this
basis, imperialism is not necessarily an extranational project, which
would appear to distinguish it from colonialism."; Wolfe does "not
presume to dispense a received definition of imperialism but will use
the term heuristically to group together a somewhat disparate set of
theories of Western hegemony"; "Throughout the twentieth century,
imperialism has been theorized as a global category
cross-cut by the discontinuously intersecting dimensions of class,
nation, race,
and more recently, gender."
Mary Ann Heiss ["The Evolution of
the Imperial Idea and U.S. National Policy," 513, quoting Smith The Pattern of Imperialism (1981),
6, and Fieldhouse Colonialism,
1870-1945 (1981), 1]
an umbrella term covering the whole gamut of relations between a
dominant and a subordinate society; "the effective domination by a
relatively strong state over a weaker people whom it does not control
as it does its home population, or as the effort to secure such
domination"
Osterhammel
[Colonialism, 21-2]
“Imperialism is the concept that comprises all forces and
activities contributing to the construction and the maintenance of
transcolonial empires. Imperialism
presupposes the will and ability of an imperial center to define as
imperial
its own national interests. . . Imperialism thus implies not only
colonial
politics, but international politics for which colonies are not just
ends in
themselves, but also pawns in global power games. . . . Imperialism is
planned
and carried out by chanceries, foreign ministries, and ministries of
war,
colonialism by special colonial authorities and ‘men on the spot.’. . .
“Imperialism”is in some respects a more comprehensive concept. ‘Colonialism’ might appear to be one special
manifestation of ‘imperialism’. . ."
“the late nineteenth/early twentieth century
moment when European empires reached their formal apogee”
"The imperialism of free trade covers one or more
of
the following links between an expanding and a receiving political
economy:
-the exertion of
power or diplomacy to impose and sustain free trading conditions on
another
society against its will;
-the exertion of
capital or commercial attraction to bend economic orgainization and
direction
of growth in directions complementary to the needs and surpluses of the
expanding economy;
-the exertion of
capital and commercial attraction directly upon foreign govts to
influence them
toward cooperation and alliance with the expanding country;
-the direct
intervention or influence of the export-import sector interests upon
the
politics of the receiving country in the direction of collaboration and
political-economic alliance with the expanding power;
-the taking over by
European bankers and merchants of sectors of non- European domestic
economies
under cover of imposed free trade without
accompaniment of large capital or export inputs fromEurope, as
in
China." [Louise summarizing R & G, Imperialism, 16]