Decolonization I: India/Pakistan
external factors
internal forces
I. paths to decolonization
A) negotiated settlement
France: Morocco, Tunisia, French West Africa, French Equatorial Africa
Britain: India, Ghana, Nigeria
B) incomplete decolonization
France: Vietnam, Algeria, Madagascar
Britain: Palestine, Malaya, Kenya, Cyprus
II. Case study: India
A) nationalism and communalism [NPR story on Indian railways]
Indian National Congress (1885)
swaraj
First World War
communalism
All-India Muslim League (1906)
Morley-Minto Reforms (1909)
B) challenging communalism: Mohandas K. Gandhi
satyagraha [Gandhi clip]
Rowlatt Act (1919)
non-cooperation campaign (1920-1922)
INC leadership and British response
interwar period
concessions, activism and violence, repression, activism and violence, concessions
Government of India Act (1919) = Indians given some responsibility at provincial level
Gandhi's civil disobedience campaign (1928-1933) [salt march clip]
Government of India Act (1935) = extension of 1919 act; provincial councils given full self-govt
Congress victories in the 1937 election
C) World War II
2.5 million Indians served; vital base of operations
Quit India Movement (1942-1943)
Muslim League: Mohammed Ali Jinnah and the Lahore Resolution (1940)
Indian National Army: Mohan Singh and Subhas Chandra Bose
1946: Calcutta riots; naval mutiny; serious communal violence
Clement Attlee (PM) and Lord Mountbatten (Viceroy)
D) transfer of power and departure
midnight August 15, 1947 [Salman Rushdie, Midnight's Children]
division of army, police, civil service, responsibilities
12-14,000,000 refugees; up to 1,000,000 deaths
