England's Westward Enterprise

Office hours postponed til 2:00 today.

I. Anglo-Spanish relations

English royal houses Tudors: H VII, HVIII, EVI, M, EI Stuarts: JI, CI [interregnum] CII, JII Glorious Rev > Wm & M, A Hanoverians (challengers: Stuarts) / Windsors:     GI, GII, GIII, WIV, V...

Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon

Church of England, established church (1534), dissenters/non-conformists

Mary Tudor (r. 1553-1558) and Phillip II



Francis Drake (1540-1596)

Richard Hakluyt (c.1552-1616)

II.  conquest and plantation of Ireland (map)

varieties of Irishness

native Irish = Gaelic Irish

Anglo-Normans = Old English [map]

A. Tudor state formation

Tudor revolution in government

composite monarchy

earls of Kildare/ rebellion (1534-35)

surrender and regrant

head of Church of Ireland (1537)

Act of 1537 - "a conformitie, concordance, and familiarity in language, tongue, in manners, order and apparel" = anglicization

Kingdom of Ireland (1541)

the New English

B. the shift to colonization (Ireland in 1609)

plantation

Counties Laois and Offaly

Humphrey Gilbert

Munster Rebellion (1570s-1583)

Gerald Fitzgerald, Earl of Desmond

Walter Ralegh (1552-1618)

Queen Elizabeth

Sir Walter Ralegh

the Ulster plantation > Northern Ireland    

III.  Ireland and the westward enterprise

       personnel
       methods of colonization
       attitudes

Fynes Moryson: "more barbarous and more brutish in the costomes and demeanures then in any other parte of the world that is knowne"

Sir John Davies, A Discovery of the True Causes why Ireland was never entirely subdued (1612): behaved "little better than Canniballes, who doe hunt one another, and hee that hath most strength and swiftness doth eate and deovoures all his fellowes"

Smith to Fitzwilliam, 8 Nov 1572:  “This I write unto you as I do understand by histories of things by past, how this contrey of England, ones as uncivill as Ireland now is, was by colonies of the Romaynes brought to understand the lawes and orders of thanncient orders whereof there hath no nacon more straightly and truly kept the mouldes even to this day than we, yea more than the italians and Romaynes themselves”

Edmund Spenser, A View of the Present State of Ireland (1596; publ 1631):  "For these soldiers...remaining of the former garrisons, I cast to maintain upon the rent of those lands which shall be escheated [confiscated], and to have them divided through all Ireland, in such places as shall be thought most convenient, and occasion may require.  And this was the course which the Romans observed in the conquest of England, for they planted some of their legions in all places convenient.... And the want of this ordinance in the first conquest of Ireland, by Henry the Second, was the cause of the so short decay of that government, and the quick recovery again of the Irish.  And this is what I would blame (if it should not misbecome me) in the late planting of Munster, that no care was had of this ordinance, nor any strength of a garrison provided for by a certain allowance out of all the said lands, but only the present profit looked unto, and the safe continuance thereof ever hereafter neglected....  "

IV.  Building an overseas empire