Britain's Global Empire; British East Florida


I.  military prowess; conscious drive of world-power status


trends:
1) increasing willingness to use the British military overseas
2) European conflicts increasingly global affairs

1689-1697

War of the League of Augsburg

William & allies vs. Louis XIV

King William's War Treaty of Ryswick
1701-1713

War of the Spanish Succession
death of King Ch II of Spain (1700)
first British troops in N America (1711)

Grand Alliance vs. Louis XIV

Queen Anne’s War Treaty of Utrecht: Gibraltar, Minorca, St. Kitts, Acadia, Hudson Bay, asiento
1739-1748

War of Jenkins Ear and War of the Austrian Succession [image]

death of Ch VI, HRE (1740)
Frederick II of Prussia; Silesia
Captain Robert Jenkins
Georgia (James Oglethorpe)
continental strategy
France, Prussia, Spain, Bavaria & Saxony vs. Austria, Britain, the Netherlands

King George’s War Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle: status quo ante bellum
1756-1763

Seven Years War

Caribbean trade
North America: settlement or fur trade?

Prussia, Britain, German states, Iroquois Confederacy, Portugal vs. France, Austria, Russia, Spain, Sweded, Saxony, Mughal Empire

French & Indian War Treaty of Paris: Minorca, Grenada, Domenica, St. Vincent, Tobago, New France, Cape Breton Island, Florida, n. America east of the Miss, Senegal, Bengal
1775-1783  War of American Independence American Revolution Treaty of Versailles


sywsm

 

II.  outcomes and challenges

A. dramatic territorial gains for Britain 

visions of global empire
Duke of Newcastle: "ministers in this country, where every part of the World affects us, in some way or another, should consider the whole Globe"

voyages of Capt James Cook (1769, 1772-5, 1776-9)

Edmund Burke: contemporaries enjoyed "Great advantages" "now that the Great Map of Mankind is unrolld at once; and there is no state or Gradation of barbarism, and no mode of refinement which we have not at the same instant under our View. The very different Civility of Europe and China. The barbarism of Persia and Abyssinia. The erratick manners of Tartary, and of Arabia. The Savage State of North America, and of New Zealand."

B.  intensified Anglo-French rivalry


C. how to administer and defend a dramatically expanded empire?

1) governance
"benign neglect" > greater control
colonial garrison and the issue of taxation

2) land / relations with Native Americans
Proclamation line [The Royal Proclamation of 1763 (link to text)]

disgruntled colonists


D.  problems of confessional governance

1) how to govern the colonial populations of your defeated imperial rivals?

expel, assimilate (anglicize), accommodate

a. Nova Scotia and the Acadian expulsion

acadians

b. Assimilation
"And whereas it will greatly contribute to the speedy settling of our said new Governments, that our loving Subjects should be informed of our Paternal care, for the security of the Liberties and Properties of those who are and shall become Inhabitants thereof, We have thought fit to publish and declare, by this Our Proclamation, that We have, in the Letters Patent under our Great Seal of Great Britain, by which the said Governments are constituted, given express Power and Direction to our Governors of our Said Colonies respectively, that so soon as the state and circumstances of the said Colonies will admit thereof, they shall, with the Advice and Consent of the Members of our Council, summon and call General Assemblies within the said Governments respectively, in such Manner and Form as is used and directed in those Colonies and Provinces in America which are under our immediate Government" [Royal Proclamation]

c. Accommodation
Treaty of Paris
, Article IV: His Most Christian Majesty renounces all pretensions which he has heretofore formed or might have formed to Nova Scotia or Acadia in all its parts, and guaranties the whole of it, and with all its dependencies, to the King of Great Britain: Moreover, his Most Christian Majesty cedes and guaranties to his said Britannick Majesty, in full right, Canada, with all its dependencies, as well as the island of Cape Breton, and all the other islands and coasts in the gulph and river of St. Lawrence, and in general, every thing that depends on the said countries, lands, islands, and coasts, with the sovereignty, property, possession, and all rights acquired by treaty, or otherwise, which the Most Christian King and the Crown of France have had till now over the said countries, lands, islands, places, coasts, and their inhabitants, so that the Most Christian King cedes and makes over the whole to the said King, and to the Crown of Great Britain, and that in the most ample manner and form, without restriction, and without any liberty to depart from the said cession and guaranty under any pretence, or to disturb Great Britain in the possessions above mentioned. His Britannick Majesty, on his side, agrees to grant the liberty of the Catholick religion to the inhabitants of Canada: he will, in consequence, give the most precise and most effectual orders, that his new Roman Catholic subjects may profess the worship of their religion according to the rites of the Romish church, as far as the laws of Great Britain permit. His Britannick Majesty farther agrees, that the French inhabitants, or others who had been subjects of the Most Christian King in Canada, may retire with all safety and freedom wherever they shall think proper, and may sell their estates, provided it be to the subjects of his Britannick Majesty, and bring away their effects as well as their persons, without being restrained in their emigration, under any pretence whatsoever, except that of debts or of criminal prosecutions: The term limited for this emigration shall be fixed to the space of eighteen months, to be computed from the day of the exchange of the ratification of the present treaty.

Quebec Act of 1774

2) how to people infant colonies?


III.  British East Florida
"method of peopling"
Lord Hillsborough, Sec of State: "almost if not altogether unsettled and uncultivated"
James Grant, governor of East Florida (1764-1771)

letter to the Lords Commissioners for Trade and Plantations

land grants
small and large (5000; 10,000; 20,000 acres)
Board of Trade
condition: "that the Grantee do settle the Lands with Protestant white inhabitants within
Ten Years from the date of the grant, in the proportion of one person per every hundred
acres"

settlement schemes
Hillsborough: "useful and industrious Inhabitants, either from such of your Majesty's Colonies, as are overstocked with people or from any foreign parts"

Smyrnea (New Smyrna) [Smyrna, Turkey]
Dr. Andrew Turnbull
Sir William Duncan
Sir George Grenville

1766         reconnaissance trip
1767-68    recruiting trip: 1,403 Italian, Greek, and Minorcan laborers
1768         Atlantic crossing            

government assistance

the colony's early years

Patrick Tonyn, governor of East Florida




New Smyrna Beach Museum of History

Excavation of the British sloop Industry:  http://www.staugustinelighthouse.org/LAMP/Research/british_ship


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