Sept 9 War, Trade, and Empire
Introduction
fiscal-military states
| Stuart | |
| 1689-1702 | William and Mary |
| 1702-1714 | Anne |
| Hanover | |
| 1714-1727 | George I |
| 1727-1760 | George II |
| 1760-1820 | George III |
| 1820-1830 | George IV |
| 1830-1837 | William IV |
| 1837-1901 | Victoria |
I. Great Britain
Glorious Revolution: mixed constitution (rule by "king-in-parliament")
the Whigs
Robert Walpole (PM, 1721-1742)
Act of Union (1707) [link]
the Ascendancy
+500,000 acres confiscated
Catholic share of land: 22% in 1688 > 14% in 1703
Robert Walpole
The Hampton Court
II.Trade
public expenditure
financial revolution
permanent national debt (1693)
Bank of England (1694)
stock exchange (1697)
taxes
merchants
import commodities
Principal English imports from North America and the West Indies, 1699-1774 (in pounds sterling)
| Commodity | 1699-1701 | 1722-24 | 1752-54 | 1772-74 |
| Sugar | 630,000 | 928,000 | 1,302,000 | 2,360,000 |
| Rum | 0 | 6,000 | 70,000 | 163,000 |
| Tobacco | 249,000 | 263,000 | 560,000 | 518,000 |
| Coffee | 0 | 0 | 3,000 | 414,000 |
| Rice | 0 | 52,000 | 167,000 | 340,000 |
| Dyestuffs | 85,000 | 152,000 | 97,000 | 167,000 |
| Timber | 14,000 | 13,000 | 90,000 | 114,000 |
| Skins and hides | 23,000 | 34,000 | 46,000 | 111,000 |
| Oil (whale, etc) | 19,000 | 26,000 | 43,000 | 93,000 |
| Cotton | 23,000 | 45,000 | 56,000 | 88,000 |
| Drugs | 6,000 | 22,000 | 55,000 | 55,000 |
| Cereals | 0 | 0 | 0 | 51,000 |
| Iron and steel | 0 | 0 | 5,000 | 10,000 |
Sugar imported to Britain
|
Sugar consumed by Britons
|
[Source: Jacob Price, "The Imperial Economy"
in Oxford History of the British Empire (1998) and "The Transatlantic
Economy," in Colonial British America (1984)]
III. Rival empires
reasons for waging war
"second hundred years war"
1689-1697 War of the League of Augsburg (King William’s War)
1702-1713 War of the Spanish Succession (Queen Anne’s War)
1739-1748 War of Jenkins Ear and War of the Austrian Succession (King George’s War)
1756-1763 Seven Years War (French and Indian War)
1775-1783 War of American Independence (American Revolution)
1793-1802 Wars against Revolutionary France
1803-1815 Wars against Napoleon
