• A question of terminology? Rome, Byzantium and Byzantine studies [Gregory 1-12; Shepard 2-20 and 53-75]; you may also visit the sites of the Dumbarton Oaks Byzantine Studies and of the Byzantine Studies Association of North America; see a note on Constantine Paparrigopoulos and his idea of Byzantium as Greek history; see also a portrait of Du Cange, a biographical sketch of Gyula Moravcsik, and a portrait of Karl Krumbacher
• Periodization: when does Byzantium begin and end [Shepard 21-52]
• Sources for Byzantine history [Gregory 13-20; Shepard 76-95]; for an example see the eleventh-century seal of Andronikos Philokales now in the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford