I wish to thank Dr. Peter Nics and the Librarian of the Österreichisches Theatermuseum, as well as the staff of the Bildarchiv of the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek for assistance in research.  This study was in part funded by a grant from the University of Houston.

I also with to thank the audiences of Text and Presentation XXI and XXII for their comments and responses to two papers from which this final version grew.

I am grateful to Norman Holland for giving me an opportunity to experiment with a novel format that allows many more photographs to be included than would be possible in a normal journal article.

Below I list all available credits and sources for the pictures and photographs I have used in the accompanying image essay.  Unless otherwise noted, all of these images are now in the public domain and may be used for educational purposes.
 

Images 1-7.  From: Duquesnel, Félix.  “Mounet-Sully de la Comédie française.”  Le Théâtre 67 (1901): 5-17.

Images 8-9.  From: Janvier, Thomas A.  “The Comédie Française at Orange.”  The Century Illustrated Monthy Magazine 50:2 (n.s. vol. 28) (June, 1895): 165-181.

Image 10.  Emerich Robert as "König Oedipus."  Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Bildarchiv NB 605.636.  Reproduced by permission.

Image 11.  From: Glücksmann, Heinrich, ed.  Zu  Adolf Wilbrandts 100. Geburtstag.  Festschrift mit Unterstützung des Bundesministeriums für Unterricht herausgegeben von der Grillparzergesellschaft.  Beigabe zum 34.Jahrgang des Jahrbuchs der Grillparzergesellschaft.  1937.

Image 12.  Das alte Burgtheater am Michaelerplatz.  Watercolor, signed and dated 1879 by Robert von Alt.   Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Bildarchiv NB D20.532.  Reproduced by permission.

Image 13.    Scene from the third act of the tragedy "Gracchus der Volkstribun."  Drawn from the production at the Vienna Burgtheater by V. Katzler, Leipzig Illustrierte Zeitung 1873 I 4.   Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Bildarchiv NB 273.742.  Reproduced by permission.

Image 14.   Drawing of the set for König Ödipus at the Darmstadt Hoftheater by Carl Beyer, in the Darmstadt Stadtarchiv.  Reproduced from: Kaiser, Hermann.  Das Grossherzogliche Hoftheater zu Darmstadt 1810--1910.  Darmstadt:  Eduard Roether Verlag, 1964.  p. 93.

Image 15.   Charlotte Wolter as "Messalina" in Adolf Wilbrandt's "Arria und Messalina."   Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Bildarchiv NB 185.804 78c.  Reproduced by permission.

Image 16.    Alexander Moissi as "König Oedipus."  From the production at the Zirkus Schumann in Berlin, 1910.   Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Bildarchiv NB 601643.  Reproduced by permission.

Image 17.   From:  The Theatre Magazine 15 (1912): 84.  (Originally from the London Illustrated News).

Images 18-19.   From: Baur, Eva Elise vom.  "Max Reinhardt and His Famous Players."  The Theatre Magazine 14 (1911):  56-60, vi.

Image 20.   Photograph by Richard H. Armstrong

Image 21.  From:  "Oedipus, King" Acted in California's Open-Air Theatre."  The Theatre Magazine 12 (1910): 9.